Evidence of Sustained Skeletal Benefits From Impact-Loading Exercise in Young Females: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study

Nurmi-Lawton, Jaana; Baxter-Jones, Adam D.G.; Mirwald, Robert L.; Bishop, J A; Taylor, Patricia A.; Cooper, Cyrus; New, Susan A.

doi:10.1359/jbmr.0301222

Cited by 97 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Many studies have identified higher aBMD in gymnasts than non-gymnasts at the forearm and other weight-bearing sites (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20); only one has explored the relative contributions of geometry and volumetric density (11). Previous analyses by our group demonstrated significantly higher areal BMD at the forearm in premenarcheal gymnasts relative to maturitymatched non-gymnasts; these differences persisted after adjustment for age, height and total body FFM (15).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Bone Geometry, Density, and Strength Indices of the Distal Radius Reflect Loading via Childhood Gymnastic Activity

Dowthwaite

Flowers

Spadaro

et al. 2007

Journal of Clinical Densitometry

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The distal radius bears unique forces during gymnastic activity. Its relatively simple anatomy, minimal soft tissue envelope and varied composition make the distal radius ideal for evaluating the effects of loading on bone properties. For 56 premenarcheal gymnasts and non-gymnasts, ultradistal and 1/3 distal radius DXA scans measured bone mineral content (BMC), areal bone mineral density and projected area. Simplified geometric models were used to generate bone mineral apparent density (BMAD), geometric indices, strength indices and fall strength ratios. Ratios of regional BMC vs. total body fat free mass (FFM) were calculated. Separate Tanner I and II analyses of covariance adjusted bone parameters for age and height. Ratios were compared using maturity-matched analyses of variance. At the 1/3 region, periosteal width, BMC, cortical cross-sectional area, and section modulus were greater in gymnasts than non-gymnasts (p<0.05); 1/3 BMAD means were equivalent. Ultradistal BMAD, BMC and index for structural strength in axial compression were higher in gymnasts than non-gymnasts; ultradistal periosteal width was only larger in Tanner I gymnasts. Fall strength ratios and BMC/FFM ratios were greater in gymnasts (p<0.05). Geometric and volumetric responses to mechanical loading are site-specific during late childhood and early adolescence.The distal radius bears unique forces during gymnastic activity, and fan beam magnification error is negligible at this site, making it ideal for DXA evaluation of associated bone properties. For 56 premenarcheal gymnasts and non-gymnasts, ultradistal and 1/3 distal radius DXA scans measured bone mineral content, areal bone mineral density and projected area. Simplified geometric models were used to generate bone mineral apparent density, geometric indices, strength indices and fall strength ratios. Ratios of regional bone mineral content vs. total body fat free mass were calculated. Separate Tanner I and II analyses of covariance adjusted bone parameters for age and height. Ratios were compared using maturity-matched analyses of variance. At the 1/3 region, periosteal width, bone mineral content, cortical cross-sectional area, and section modulus were greater in gymnasts than non-gymnasts (p<0.05); 1/3 bone mineral apparent densities were equivalent. Gymnasts' ultradistal bone mineral apparent density, bone mineral content and index for structural strength in axial compression were higher; ultradistal periosteal width was only larger in Tanner I gymnasts. Fall strength ratios and bone mineral content vs. fat-free mass were greater in gymnasts (p<0.05). Gymnasts' geometric and volumetric responses to mechanical loading are site-specific during late childhood and early adolescence.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Bone Geometry, Density, and Strength Indices of the Distal Radius Reflect Loading via Childhood Gymnastic Activity

Dowthwaite

Flowers

Spadaro

et al. 2007

Journal of Clinical Densitometry

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“…Values are reported as means Ϯ SE, unless otherwise noted, a level of significance of P Ͻ 0.05 was used, and all statistical tests were two-tailed. For the longitudinal analyses, hierarchical (multilevel) random-effects models were constructed using a multilevel modeling approach (MlwiN version 1.0, Multilevel Models Project; Institute of Education, University of London, UK) (5,8,9,17,19,33). Detailed description of multilevel modeling, as applied to the PBMAS, has been previously reported (9,17), and complete details of this approach are presented elsewhere (5).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of physical activity on lean mass accrual during adolescence: a longitudinal analysis

Baxter-Jones

Eisenmann²,

Mirwald

et al. 2008

Journal of Applied Physiology

101

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Baxter-Jones AD, Eisenmann JC, Mirwald RL, Faulkner RA, Bailey DA. The influence of physical activity on lean mass accrual during adolescence: a longitudinal analysis. J Appl Physiol 105: 734-741, 2008. First published May 8, 2008 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00869.2007.-During childhood, physical activity is likely the most important modifiable factor for the development of lean mass. However, the effects of normal growth and maturation must be controlled. To distinguish effects of physical activity from normal growth, longitudinal data are required. One hundred nine boys and one hundred thirteen girls, participating in the Saskatchewan Pediatric Bone Mineral Accrual Study, were repeatedly assessed for 6 yr. Age at entry was 8 -15 yr. Stature, body mass, and physical activity were assessed biannually. Body composition was assessed annually by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Physical activity was determined using the physical activity questionnaires for children and adolescence. Biological age was defined as years from age of peak height velocity. Data were analyzed using multilevel random-effects models. In boys, it was found that physical activity had a significant time-dependent effect on lean mass accrual of the total body (484.7 Ϯ 157.1 g), arms (69.6 Ϯ 27.2 g), legs (197.7 Ϯ 60.5 g), and trunk (249.1 Ϯ 91.4 g) (P Ͻ 0.05). Although the physical activity effects were similar in the girls (total body: 306.9 Ϯ 96.6 g, arms: 31.4 Ϯ 15.5 g, legs: 162.9 Ϯ 40.0 g, and trunk: 119.6 Ϯ 58.2 g; P Ͻ 0.05), boys for the same level of activity accrued, depending on the site, between 21 and 120% more absolute lean mass (g). In conclusion, habitual physical activity had a significant independent influence on the growth of lean body mass during adolescence, once biological maturity and stature were controlled. growth and development; exercise; longitudinal studies SEVERAL FACTORS INFLUENCE the normal biological growth and maturation of the child and adolescent. Although genes, nutrients, and hormones are viewed as the chief determinants, the level of habitual physical activity (PA) is thought to be one of several ancillary factors contributing to the growth and maturation of body size and composition (11,51). Recently, concern has been expressed regarding the low levels of habitual PA and associated negative health outcomes among contemporary youth (49).Most of the previous studies examining the influence of PA on body composition of children and adolescents have focused on either adiposity (4) or bone accrual (2), given the concern of obesity and osteoporosis, respectively. In contrast, few studies have considered the influence of PA on lean body mass (LBM) in children and/or adolescents. LBM is often considered a surrogate for skeletal muscle mass, which is an important predictor of several physiological capacities expressed in absolute terms (e.g., maximal oxygen uptake, neuromuscular strength, anaerobic capacity, etc.) (1, 54) and health indicators (e.g., bone mass, insulin resistance, and obesity) (18,56). Previous stud...

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“…Controls were involved in normal activities (including walking to school and PE classes) for on average 5.6 ± 2.6 h/week (determined by a checklist), but not in sports requiring all year training at competition level. In addition, anthropometric, physical activity and dietary intake were estimated as previously described (Nurmi-Lawton et al, 2004). Anthropometric data were determined by a nutritionist.…”

Section: Research Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

“…None of the subjects had evidence of acute infection, or inflammation at the time of recruitment, or at the time of blood sample collection. Each gymnast was matched to a non-active control, initially by age and then subsequently by pubertal age once Tanner staging had been completed and analysed (Nurmi-Lawton et al 2004). The baseline data were collected between the months of October and December of the year for both gymnasts and controls.…”

Section: Research Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Altered Antioxidant and Trace-Element Status in Adolescent Female Gymnasts

Al-Shammari¹,

Shafi²,

Nurmi-Lawton³

et al. 2010

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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High levels of physical activity have been linked to benefits in cardiovascular and bone health by affecting, in part, changes in proinflammatory profile. Therefore, we have aimed to assess the effects of intensive training on markers of inflammation, endothelial activation and auto-immunity in the absence of the potential confounding effects of incident atherosclerosis. The subjects comprised 25 competitive gymnasts and 19 healthy sedentary adolescent females, aged 8-17 years. Serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) and Hsp27 antibody titres were measured by ELISAs in a sample of adolescent girls who were either physically active (competitive gymnasts) or sedentary. The association between age, body mass index (BMI), dietary intake, serum hsCRP, sICAM-1 and Hsp27 antigen and antibody titres were determined. The mean serum sICAM-1 concentrations were significantly higher in the gymnasts compared to the sedentary females (0.29 ± 0.02 versus 0.23 ± 0.01 mg·L -1 , p < 0.01). In contrast serum hsCRP concentrations were substantially lower in the gymnasts compared to the sedentary adolescent females (0.49 ± 0.03 versus 1.38 ± 0.19 mg·L -1 , p < 0.001). Differences remained significant after adjustment for anthropometric factors. We also found that serum Hsp27 antigen concentrations were determined by dietary saturated fat intake (p < 0.001), and antibody titres to Hsp27 were determined by dietary PUFA (p < 0.001) after adjustment for BMI. Our findings show that young female gymnasts have an altered profile of inflammatory markers and endothelial activation compared to their less physically active peers.

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Evidence of Sustained Skeletal Benefits From Impact-Loading Exercise in Young Females: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study

Cited by 97 publications

References 40 publications

Bone Geometry, Density, and Strength Indices of the Distal Radius Reflect Loading via Childhood Gymnastic Activity

Bone Geometry, Density, and Strength Indices of the Distal Radius Reflect Loading via Childhood Gymnastic Activity

The influence of physical activity on lean mass accrual during adolescence: a longitudinal analysis

Altered Antioxidant and Trace-Element Status in Adolescent Female Gymnasts

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