Evidence of thermal-driven processes triggering the 2005–2014 unrest at Campi Flegrei caldera

Chiodini, Giovanni; Vandemeulebrouck, Jean; Caliro, Stefano; D’Auria, Luca; Martino, Prospero De; Mangiacapra, A.; Petrillo, Zaccaria

doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.01.012

Cited by 165 publications

(245 citation statements)

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“…Volatileundersaturated recharge would require greater crustal deformation than volatile-saturated mixing to accommodate new melt without exceeding the fracture criterion 43 . Such deformation may be responsible for observed large-scale inter-eruptive bradyseismicity at Campi Flegrei 44,45 , with recharge events inducing significant magma chamber dilation during repose periods.…”

Section: Pre-eruptive Volatile Undersaturation At Campi Flegreimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in persistently volatile-undersaturated systems, the onset of volatile saturation might provide some pre-eruptive chemical indicators, such as accompanying the leakage of magmatic volatiles into the surrounding edifice, or hydrothermal system, and an increased magmatic component in fumarolic gases at the surface. Successful monitoring of these systems will demand high temporal resolution chemical and isotopic analysis of fluid and gas emissions 45 .…”

Section: Volcanological Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Late-stage volatile saturation as a potential trigger for explosive volcanic eruptions

et al. 2016

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. (2016) 'Late-stage volatile saturation as a potential trigger for explosive volcanic eruptions.', Nature geoscience., 9 (3). pp. 249-254. Further information on publisher's website:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2639Publisher's copyright statement:Additional information: Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Volatile variations in apatite and hydrous glassesThe volatile composition of apatite relates to that of its host liquid by a set of exchange reactions between F, Cl and OH, for example:where exchange coefficients, K, are constant at a given pressure (P) and temperature (T) (ref. 12), f is fugacity, X is mole fraction and superscripts l and Ap denote the liquid and apatite phases, respectively. We measured F, Cl and OH directly using secondary ion mass spectrometry and electron microprobe analysis (see Supplementary Methods). We neglect 4 sulphur, because S diffusion in apatite is inhibited by a coupled substitution 19 , and equilibrium is not maintained on short timescales. Apatite compositions from Astroni 1 show a negative correlation between X F and X OH and a weaker negative correlation between X Cl and X OH (where X F , X Cl and X OH are the mole fractions of F, Cl and OH, respectively;Supplementary Table 1), demonstrating this exchange of components within the crystal volatile site. Some crystals are slightly non-stoichiometric, within the range reported in other studies 20 . We focus on mole fraction ratios as these relate to liquid composition, pressure and temperature through relationships such as equation (1). Data show a positive correlation between X Cl /X OH and X F /X OH ( Fig. 2a), with one low-X Cl , high-X F outlier. In general, X F /X Cl is constant within error, except in the outlier which has high X F /X Cl ( Fig. 2b). Clinopyroxenehosted apatite inclusions extend to higher X halogen /X OH ratios than biotite-hosted apatite inclusions. Both clinopyroxene-and biotite-hosted inclusions extend to higher X halogen /X OH ratios than apatite microphenocrysts that were in contact with melt until eruption. The overall X halogen /X OH trend is apparently linear, suggesting that there was no significant relative change in F or Cl compatibility during apatite crystallization. (Fig. 3a-c). However, matrix glasses have low H 2 O contents relative to both clinopyroxene-and biotite-hosted melt inclusions, typically <1 wt% (Fig. 3d). Modelling fractionation and volatile saturationWe model magma evolution in the Campi Flegrei system using the Rhyolite-MELTS thermodynamic software 23,24, 25,26 Disc...

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Section: Pre-eruptive Volatile Undersaturation At Campi Flegreimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Volcanological Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Late-stage volatile saturation as a potential trigger for explosive volcanic eruptions

et al. 2016

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“…Rinaldi et al (2010) modelled the effect of a short unrest period (20 months) of high injection rate, and showed that the pore pressure declines immediately after cessation of fluid injection, while the temperature continues to increase until hot fluids discharge at the surface. Most recently, Chiodini et al (2015) examined the accelerating rate of ground deformation affecting CF between 2005 and 2014, and suggested that the observed deformation pattern requires both an extended period of heating of the rock and short pulses of injection of magmatic fluids into the hydrothermal system.…”

Section: Gravity Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical models for ground deformation and gravity changes during volcanic unrest: simulating the hydrothermal system dynamics of a restless caldera

et al. 2016

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Abstract. Ground deformation and gravity changes in restless calderas during periods of unrest can signal an impending eruption and thus must be correctly interpreted for hazard evaluation. It is critical to differentiate variation of geophysical observables related to volume and pressure changes induced by magma migration from shallow hydrothermal activity associated with hot fluids of magmatic origin rising from depth. In this paper we present a numerical model to evaluate the thermo-poroelastic response of the hydrothermal system in a caldera setting by simulating pore pressure and thermal expansion associated with deep injection of hot fluids (water and carbon dioxide). Hydrothermal fluid circulation is simulated using TOUGH2, a multicomponent multiphase simulator of fluid flows in porous media. Changes in pore pressure and temperature are then evaluated and fed into a thermo-poroelastic model (one-way coupling), which is based on a finite-difference numerical method designed for axi-symmetric problems in unbounded domains.Informed by constraints available for the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy), a series of simulations assess the influence of fluid injection rates and mechanical properties on the hydrothermal system, uplift and gravity. Heterogeneities in hydrological and mechanical properties associated with the presence of ring faults are a key determinant of the fluid flow pattern and consequently the geophysical observables. Peaks (in absolute value) of uplift and gravity change profiles computed at the ground surface are located close to injection points (namely at the centre of the model and fault areas).Temporal evolution of the ground deformation indicates that the contribution of thermal effects to the total uplift is almost negligible with respect to the pore pressure contribution during the first years of the unrest, but increases in time and becomes dominant after a long period of the simulation. After a transient increase over the first years of unrest, gravity changes become negative and decrease monotonically towards a steady-state value.Since the physics of the investigated hydrothermal system is similar to any fluid-filled reservoir, such as oil fields or CO 2 reservoirs produced by sequestration, the generic formulation of the model will allow it to be employed in monitoring and interpretation of deformation and gravity data associated with other geophysical hazards that pose a risk to human activity.

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“…The Campi Flegrei caldera is a nested and resurgent structure in the Campania Region, South Italy (Orsi et al 1996), possibly formed after two large caldera forming eruptions: the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption (39 ka, Fedele et al 2008) and the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (15 ka, Deino et al 2004). Its magmatic system is still active as testified by the occurrence of the last eruption in 1538 AD, as well as the present widespread fumaroles and hot springs activity, and the persistent state of unrest (Del Gaudio et al 2010;Chiodini et al 2003Chiodini et al , 2012Chiodini et al , 2015Moretti et al 2013). For compositionally homogenous magmas such as those extruded at the Campi Flegrei caldera (trachytes and phonolites being by far the most abundant rocks), major oxide and trace element variations cannot be used to unequivocally establish which magma evolution processes operated.…”

Section: Numerical and Experimental Studies: New Ideas For Decipherinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magma Mixing: History and Dynamics of an Eruption Trigger

Morgavi

Arienzo

Montagna

et al. 2017

Advances in Volcanology

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The most violent and catastrophic volcanic eruptions on Earth have been triggered by the refilling of a felsic volcanic magma chamber by a hotter more mafic magma. Examples include Vesuvius 79 AD, Krakatau 1883, Pinatubo 1991, and Eyjafjallajökull 2010. Since the first hypothesis, plenty of evidence of magma mixing processes, in all tectonic environments, has accumulated in the literature allowing this natural process to be defined as fundamental petrological processes playing a role in triggering volcanic eruptions, and in the generation of the compositional variability of igneous rocks. Combined with petrographic, mineral chemistry and geochemical investigations, isotopic analyses on volcanic rocks have revealed compositional variations at different length scales pointing to a complex interplay of fractional crystallization, mixing/mingling and crustal contamination during the evolution of several magmatic feeding systems. But to fully understand the dynamics of mixing and mingling

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Evidence of thermal-driven processes triggering the 2005–2014 unrest at Campi Flegrei caldera

Cited by 165 publications

References 41 publications

Late-stage volatile saturation as a potential trigger for explosive volcanic eruptions

Late-stage volatile saturation as a potential trigger for explosive volcanic eruptions

Numerical models for ground deformation and gravity changes during volcanic unrest: simulating the hydrothermal system dynamics of a restless caldera

Magma Mixing: History and Dynamics of an Eruption Trigger

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