Evidence that the Sheep Associated Form of Malignant Catarrhal Fever is caused by a Herpes Virus

Schuller, W.; Cerny-Reiterer, Sabine; Silber, R

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0450.1990.tb01081.x

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…One of the major factors considered important in the epidemiology of the elephant herpesviruses is the premise of the herpesvirus being innocuous in one elephant species and highly pathogenic for the other. This relationship is known for a number of herpesviruses including herpesvirus B, latent in Macaca spp., and potentially fatal in humans, and malignant catarrhal fever herpesviruses carried by sheep or wildebeest and producing overt disease in cattle and acelaphine antelopes [Schuller et al, 1990]. The evidence of cross-species transmission of a herpesvirus from benign lesions in African elephants to susceptible Asian elephants was the discovery of nearly identical herpesvirus sequences in these two species [Richman et al, 1999a].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of a newly recognized disease of elephants caused by endotheliotropic herpesviruses

2000

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There are two newly recognized herpesviruses that cause a fatal disease syndrome in elephants. They are known as the elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses, of which one is fatal for Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and the other for African elephants (Loxodonta africana) [Richman et al., Science 283:1171–1176, 1999a]. The disease syndrome affects predominantly young elephants and has been described in North America [Richman et al., J Wildl Dis 36:1–12, 2000], Europe [Richman et al., Verhandlangsbericht des 39 International Symposium uben Erkrankungen der Zoo und Wildtiere, Wien, 39:17–21, 1999b; Ossent et al., Vet Pathol 27:131–133, 1990], and Israel [Richman et al., Verhandlangsbericht des 39 International Symposium uben Erkrankungen der Zoo und Wildtiere, Wien, 39:17–21, 1999b]. The predominant clinical signs for both species include lethargy, edematous swellings of the head, neck, and thoracic limbs, oral ulceration, cyanosis of the tongue, and death of most elephants in 1–7 days [Richman et al., J Wildl Dis 36:1–12, 2000]. Three affected young Asian elephants recovered after a 3–4‐week course of therapy with the anti‐herpesvirus drug famciclovir [Richman et al., J Wildl Dis 36:1–12, 2000; Schmitt and Hardy, J Elephant Managers Assoc 9:103–4, 1998]. Additional reported herpesvirus‐associated lesions in otherwise healthy elephants include localized skin papillomas in African elephants [Richman et al., Science 283:1171–1176, 1999a; Jacobson et al., J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:1075–8, 1986], proliferative vulval lymphoid patches in African elephants [Richman et al., Science 283:1171–1176, 1999a; Munson et al., J Zoo Wildl Med 26:353–8, 1995], and pulmonary nodules in African elephants [Richman et al., J Wildl Dis 36:1–12, 2000; McCulley et al., Onderstepoort J Vet Res 38:225–236, 1971]. Recent findings suggest that these localized herpesvirus‐associated lesions in healthy African elephants may be one source of the herpesvirus that causes disseminated disease and death in the Asian species [Richman et al., Science 283:1171–1176, 1999a] and the African species [Richman et al., J Wildl Dis 36:1–12, 2000]. These findings have implications for management practices in facilities keeping both African and Asian elephants and in protecting natural elephant habitats from virulent forms of the virus. Zoo Biol 19:383–392, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of a newly recognized disease of elephants caused by endotheliotropic herpesviruses

2000

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“…A similar effect has been noted with BHV-1 . Though MN-MCFV and Au-732 viruses were isolated from cases reported to be associated with sheep (Hamdy et al, 1978;Schuller et al, 1990), the sheep origin of these isolates has not been confirmed. The marked similarity to each other and to AHV-1 (WC-11) suggests that all may in fact be different isolates of AHV-1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Minnesota isolate of MCFV (MN-MCFV) originally derived in Minnesota, USA, from a clinical case of MCF in a cow enclosed along with sheep (Hamdy et al, 1978), WC-11 (cell culture passaged strain of AHV-1), fetal mouflon sheep kidney (FMSK) cells and sera from wildebeest naturally infected with AHV-1 were kindly provided by W. Heuschele, Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species, Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego, Calif., USA. A putative SA-MCFV isolate from Austria (Schuller et al, 1990) (designated herein as Au-732) and bovine antiserum to this isolate were kindly provided by J. Pearson, National Veterinary Service Laboratory, USDA Animal and Plant Inspection Service, Ames, Iowa, USA. The rabbit antiserum against the WC-11 strain of AHV-1 was obtained from a commercial source (Cytimmune).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and characterization of the major proteins of malignant catarrhal fever virus

Shen

Davis

Knowles

et al. 1995

Journal of General Virology

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“…[12][13][14][15]45,118,119 Past reports of the isolation of OvHV-2 represent inadvertent contamination of cell cultures with AlHV-1. 122,130 Successful isolation of MCFVs from affected or latently affected animals is achieved by cellular cocultivation, since the virus is strictly cell associated. 109 Leukocytes from peripheral blood and lymphoreticular tissues are the most common source of samples for attempted isolation.…”

Section: Ovine Herpesvirus-2 and The Mcf Virus Groupmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Pathology of Malignant Catarrhal Fever, With an Emphasis on Ovine Herpesvirus 2

O’Toole

2014

Vet Pathol

129

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The enigmatic pathogenesis of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) involves dysregulated immune responses in susceptible ruminant species. Economically important outbreaks of MCF are due to 2 of the 10 viruses currently comprising the malignant catarrhal fever virus group: ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) and alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1). Attempts to develop effective vaccines for this group of viruses in the 1970s were sufficiently discouraging that they were temporarily abandoned. This review focuses on recent efforts to understand the pathogenesis of MCF, particularly the sheep-associated form of the disease, with the goal of developing rational control methods, including vaccination. The past 2 decades have seen several advances, including recognition of new members of the MCF virus group, better diagnostic assays, induction of disease by a natural route (aerosol), and clearer understanding of OvHV-2's shedding patterns by domestic sheep. A consistent theme in experimental studies of OvHV-2 in susceptible species is that there are 2 peaks of OvHV-2 gene expression: a preclinical peak involving the respiratory tract and a second in multiple organ systems leading to clinical disease. Latent and lytic gene expression may coexist in tissues during clinical stages in symptomatic animals.Keywords bison, cattle, malignant catarrhal fever, ovine herpesvirus 2, sheep, virus, alcelaphine herpesvirus 1, vasculitisIn 1997, we were approached by a bison producer who lost multiple adult animals to malignant catarrhal fever (MCF). 132As is often the case, the producer's questions were pragmatic and dealt with the likely source of infection, how the outbreak might be stopped, and whether effective treatment or vaccination was possible. At that time, our group had worked on MCF for several years, relying in part on case material from natural outbreaks of MCF in domestic cattle. 92,93 Diagnosticians and researchers were the beneficiaries of new diagnostic assays to confirm infection in live animals. 4,70 Unfortunately, the news for the producer was bad. The source of infection was probably domestic sheep, but the distance over which transmission was likely to occur was unknown. The producer reported that no sheep were in the immediate vicinity of her herd. Little was known about how sheep shed the virus or the duration of shedding. Since MCF was of modest interest to the cattle industry, funding for basic studies was constrained. No effective treatment existed. In the wake of that owner's outbreak, it quickly became clear that MCF was of appreciable importance to the commercial bison industry in the United States and Canada. 7,94 The long history and intriguing nature of MCF (Table 1) were small solace to the Colorado producer in the absence of practical solutions from MCF researchers. A total of 27 bison died as a result of the outbreak. Three bison remaining in the herd were butchered. Efforts to raise bison on the property were temporarily abandoned.This review summarizes recent progress in our understanding of sheep-...

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Evidence that the Sheep Associated Form of Malignant Catarrhal Fever is caused by a Herpes Virus

Cited by 16 publications

References 7 publications

Review of a newly recognized disease of elephants caused by endotheliotropic herpesviruses

Review of a newly recognized disease of elephants caused by endotheliotropic herpesviruses

Identification and characterization of the major proteins of malignant catarrhal fever virus

The Pathology of Malignant Catarrhal Fever, With an Emphasis on Ovine Herpesvirus 2

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