Evolution and Current Trends in Liquid and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Abstract

Abstract:The current trend in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) tends toward the achievement of higher separation efficiency and shorter analysis time. Indeed, better performance in LC has become increasingly important in recent years mainly driven by the challenges of either analyzing more complex samples or increasing the numbers of samples per time unit. In the recent development of particle technology, the use of fully porous sub-2 m particles and sub-3 m shell particles have received considerable attention. Beside packed columns, the new generation of silica-based monolithic columns also offers very high separation power. However, to take full advantage of these innovative phases, the chromatographic system has also to be drastically optimized in terms of upper pressure limit and system volume.This revolution in column technology now spreads and covers several modes of liquid chromatography such as reversedphase liquid chromatography (RPLC), hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), or even supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). The HILIC and SFC, which can be considered as alternative modes of chromatography, could also be useful to extend the applicability of chromatography towards the analysis of very hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds, respectively.The present review gives an insight about the theory behind the success of current column technology and presents a summary of latest applications, using various modes of one-dimensional chromatography (RPLC, HILIC, SFC). This paper also shows that theoretically expected column efficiency could sometimes be compromised in practical work especially in the case of narrow bore columns.

Multi-Target Screening of Biological Samples Using LC–MS/MS: Focus on Chromatographic Innovations

“…At this time, further reduction of particle size was not possible due to instrumental constraints. Indeed, the pressure drop generated by the column is inversely proportional to the square of particle size and even to the cube when working at the optimal flow rate [50]. The commercialization in 2004 of suitable instruments offering higher pressure limit (up to 1300 bar) than conventional systems at this time limited to 400 bar, prompted the emergence of numerous applications related to the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations, therapeutic proteins, food products, environmental samples, or biological fluids [51].…”

“…5-30%) to increase both solvating power and eluent strength of a supercritical mobile phase in CO 2 . This type of supercritical or at least nearly supercritical fluid, consisting of a mixture of supercritical CO 2 and organic modifier, exhibits density and solvating power similar to a liquid and diffusivity as well as viscosity close to a gas [50]. These properties allow for a sufficient solubility and fast analytes transport through the column without generating excessive pressure.…”

Towards eco‐friendly secondary plant metabolite quantitation: Ultra high performance supercritical fluid chromatography applied to common vervain (Verbena officinalis L.)

“…low viscosity and high diffusivity) uniquely [7,8]. As a result, high flow rates can be applied without significant loss of chromatographic efficiency, and sub-2 µm particles columns can be used without generation of excessive pressure [9][10][11][12]. Consequently, UHPSFC has increasingly developed to a valuable alternative to organic solvent based reversed phase chromatography in modern natural product analysis [13][14][15].…”

Advances in mass spectrometry-based metabolomics for investigation of metabolites

“…Its nontoxicity and ease of handling makes CO 2 to be oen used as the mobile phase. 53,54 The properties of low viscosity and high diffusivity of supercritical uids permits higher ow rates and lower pressure drops than that those encountered in traditional HPLC. 55 The use of CO 2 makes the SFC environmentally friendly, which requires only a small quantity of organic solvent as the auxiliary solvent.…”