Evolution and species-specific conservation of toll-like receptors in terrestrial vertebrates

Bagheri, Masoumeh; Zahmatkesh, Azadeh

doi:10.1080/08830185.2018.1506780

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…TLRs are typically under purifying selection with signatures of positive selection, mostly in cell-surface TLRs rather than in intracellular TLRs. This indicates the conserved feature of the viral pathogens, detected on intracellular TLRs, compared with the escaping bacterial pathogens, detected on the cell surface TLRs [87]. Nevertheless, for coronaviruses, studies have shown that different (cell-surface or endosomal) TLRs are triggered.…”

Section: Ii) Cell-surface Tlrsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Roles and Functions of Toll-Like Receptors in Coronavirus Infections: Forthcoming Vaccine and Therapeutic Strategies for Confronting COVID-19

Zahmatkesh

Bagheri²

2021

vacres

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Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect pathogen associated molecular patterns and activate innate and adaptive immune system. Coronaviruses can be detected via TLRs through their biological materials such as ribonucleic acids, glycoproteins and CpG motifs. During COVID-19 pandemic, different strategies have been used for combating SARS-CoV-2 to initiate a proper and balanced immune response through TLRs or other PRRS. Understanding the trigerred TLR signaling pathways during coronavirus infections would assist to understand the control and defense mechanisms against these viral diseases. In this review, we summarize different studies on the use and function of of TLRs and their signaling pathways as vaccines/adjuvants or therapeutic agents against coronavirus infections. Since the pandemic is ongoing and there still many unknowns with respect to COVID-19 immunology, we highlight the role of TLRs and their agonists/antagonists in previous coronavirus infections, and show their potential role in the current SARS-CoV-2 immunopathology.

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Section: Ii) Cell-surface Tlrsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Roles and Functions of Toll-Like Receptors in Coronavirus Infections: Forthcoming Vaccine and Therapeutic Strategies for Confronting COVID-19

Zahmatkesh

Bagheri²

2021

vacres

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“…Studies in non-model organisms have mainly adopted the candidate gene approach, with MHC and TLR genes being popular in a broad range of jawed vertebrates, from fish to amphibians, birds and mammals (Bagheri & Zahmatkesh, 2018;Brouwer et al, 2010;Minias & Vinkler, 2022;O'Connor et al, 2019;Wilson, 2017).…”

Section: How To Approach Immune G Ene He Terog Eneit Y In E Volutiona...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies in non‐model organisms have mainly adopted the candidate gene approach, with MHC and TLR genes being popular in a broad range of jawed vertebrates, from fish to amphibians, birds and mammals (Bagheri & Zahmatkesh, 2018 ; Brouwer et al, 2010 ; Minias & Vinkler, 2022 ; O'Connor et al, 2019 ; Wilson, 2017 ). Although all jawed vertebrates possess mostly overlapping core immunomes, it is evident that the final composition of immune genes and gene copy numbers can differ considerably between vertebrate classes and orders, and even within orders and families (Fiddaman et al, 2022 ; Meyer‐Lucht et al, 2016 ; Minias et al, 2019 ; O'Connor & Westerdahl, 2021 ; Těšický & Vinkler, 2015 ; Velová et al, 2018 ; Wang et al, 2012 ).…”

Section: How To Approach Immune Gene Heterogeneity In Evolutionary St...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the evolution of immune genes in jawed vertebrates

Vinkler

Fiddaman

Těšický

et al. 2023

Journal of Evolutionary Biology

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Driven by co-evolution with pathogens, host immunity continuously adapts to optimize defence against pathogens within a given environment. Recent advances in genetics, genomics and transcriptomics have enabled a more detailed investigation into how immunogenetic variation shapes the diversity of immune responses seen across domestic and wild animal species. However, a deeper understanding of the diverse

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“…More generally, PRRs are highly conserved and found in a diverse range of animal species. They provide the foundation upon which the hosts’ immune response to pathogens has evolved (e.g., Masoumeh and Zahmatkesh 2018). PRRs account for many other families of sensors beside TLRs (Acevedo-Whitehouse and Cunningham 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular evolution in immune genes across the avian tree of life

et al. 2019

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Summary All organisms encounter pathogens, and birds are especially susceptible to infection by malaria parasites and other haemosporidians. It is important to understand how immune genes, primarily innate immune genes which are the first line of host defense, have evolved across birds, a highly diverse group of tetrapods. Here, we find that innate immune genes are highly conserved across the avian tree of life and that although most show evidence of positive or diversifying selection within specific lineages or clades, the number of sites is often proportionally low in this broader context of putative constraint. Rather, the evidence shows a much higher level of negative or purifying selection in these innate immune genes – rather than adaptive immune genes - which is consistent with birds’ long coevolutionary history with pathogens and the need to maintain a rapid response to infection. We further explored avian responses to haemosporidians by comparing differential gene expression in wild birds (1) uninfected with haemosporidians, (2) infected with Plasmodium, and (3) infected with Haemoproteus (Parahaemoproteus). We found patterns of significant differential expression with some genes unique to infection with each genus and a few shared between “treatment” groups, but none that overlapped with the genes included in the phylogenetic study.

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Evolution and species-specific conservation of toll-like receptors in terrestrial vertebrates

Cited by 21 publications

References 96 publications

Roles and Functions of Toll-Like Receptors in Coronavirus Infections: Forthcoming Vaccine and Therapeutic Strategies for Confronting COVID-19

Roles and Functions of Toll-Like Receptors in Coronavirus Infections: Forthcoming Vaccine and Therapeutic Strategies for Confronting COVID-19

Understanding the evolution of immune genes in jawed vertebrates

Molecular evolution in immune genes across the avian tree of life

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