Evolution, Biodiversity and a Reassessment of the Hygiene Hypothesis

Abstract

This book series addresses all key topical aspects of basic research, therapy and its clinical implications in the field of inflammatory diseases. It provides a unique reference source for academic and industrial biomedical researchers, drug development personnel, immunologists, rheumatologists, cardiologists, allergologists and many other relevant clinical disciplines. Each publication supplies regular scientific updates on newest developments and allow providing access to state-of-the-art techniques and technologies.The series gathers knowledge from leading authorities on the multiple facets of inflammation research, making it a valuable asset for advanced students in biomedical sciences, early career investigators and for professionals in both basic and translational research and in the clinic. Each volume comprises a carefully selected collection of high-quality review articles on the respective field of expertise. They also introduce new investigators to the most pertinent aspects of inflammatory disease and allow established investigators to understand fundamental ideas, concepts and data on sub-fields that they may not normally follow.Thus chapters should not comprise extensive data reviews nor provide a means for authors to present new data that would normally be published in peer-reviewed journals. Instead, the chapters should provide a concise overview and guide to the most pertinent and important literature, thus reflecting a conceptual approach rather than a complete review of the particular field of research. Moreover, each chapter should be intelligible for less experienced researchers or even newcomers to the fields of pathology, mechanisms and therapy of inflammatory disease. To this end, authors should consider introducing PhD students or postdocs who are new to the laboratory to the major concepts and the most critical literature in their chosen field of research.PIR volumes have been accepted for indexing in Scopus back to publications in 2005.More information about this series at https://link.springer.com/bookseries/4983

Mycobacterium vaccae NCTC 11659, a Soil-Derived Bacterium with Stress Resilience Properties, Modulates the Proinflammatory Effects of LPS in Macrophages

“…One strategy to reduce the risk of these conditions would be to use anti-inflammatory or immunoregulatory approaches to mitigate inflammatory responses [ 5 , 6 ]. As posited by the “Hygiene” hypothesis or “Old Friends” hypothesis, industrialized nations have higher rates of chronic low-grade inflammation, inflammatory diseases, and psychiatric disorders due to urbanization resulting in decreased exposures to immunoregulatory microorganisms (i.e., microorganisms that promote a balanced expression of regulatory and effector T cells) [ 7 , 8 ]. Indeed, growing up on a farm provides protection against allergic asthma [ 8 ], while healthy young persons raised in a city, without daily exposure to pets for the first 15 years of life, respond to a psychosocial stressor with exaggerated increases in numbers of circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and increases in circulating concentrations of interleukin 6 (IL-6), a proinflammatory cytokine, relative to those who were raised on farms in close proximity to farm animals [ 9 ].…”