Evolution du profil physiologique des gymnastes durant les 40 dernieres annees (revue de littérature)

Abstract

Authors illustrate the evolution of the physiological profile of gymnasts over the past 40 years. Gymnasts are demonstrating increased anaerobic power. Maximal power output measured by the Wingate test in high level male gymnasts is currently between 12 and 14 W x kg(-1). Female gymnasts show maximal power between 10 and 12 W x kg(-1). In spite of an increase in the number of training hours, they have a low aerobic aptitude. It is still adequate and sufficient for their practice. Maximal heart rate values measured during gymnastic exercises have mirrored technical and acrobatic demands of increasing difficulty. Currently, exercise heart rates exceed 190 beat x min(-1) as compared to 135 to 151 beat x min(-1) in the seventies. Measurement of higher blood lactate values suggests that anaerobic glycolysis has increased in importance. Glycolytic contributions differ between apparatuses. Data from energy cost studies demonstrate that gymnastics energy demands are greater now than in the seventies.

Any Effect of Gymnastics Training on Upper-Body and Lower-Body Aerobic and Power Components in National and International Male Gymnasts?

“…G ymnasts are characterized by very high levels of strength, flexibility, and muscular endurance, combined with speed and coordination (2,20,25,37). From the 1960s to the 1980s, investigators showed that gymnasts were characterized by relatively low aerobic power and high strength (1,20,37).…”

“…From the 1960s to the 1980s, investigators showed that gymnasts were characterized by relatively low aerobic power and high strength (1,20,37). In the 1980s, training volume increased significantly in gymnastics.…”

Maturity-associated variation in the body size and proportions of elite female gymnasts 14–17 years of age

“…A recent review of the physiological profile of elite gymnasts of both sexes over the past 40 years [11] suggests that relative to the 1970s there has been a movement towards an increase in training time (hours), a relatively low but adequate anaerobic power (Wingate test, maximal power output: 10-12 W/kg), an elevation in heart rates during the performance of gymnastics exercises (∼190 bpm), and an increase in the energy cost of the exercises. More data are available for male gymnasts than for female ones, and the most recent data are from the late 1990s.…”

Influência do Código de Pontuação no treino da Ginástica Artística Masculina

“…"Se a dificuldade é maior, então influencia muito no treino" afirma TB1. "Para buscar o nível alto de qualidade das séries, o ginasta deve estar muito bem preparado fisicamente" afirma TB3, o que corrobora com a literatura (ARKAEV; SUCHILIN, 2004;695 FERREIRINHA, 2007;JEMNI et al, 2001). Cada aparelho demanda uma saída, e a das Argolas foi considerada por todos como a mais dificultada para se realizar ao final da série.…”

“…"O ponto fundamental é fazer a série com rapidez, pois é fácil passar do tempo máximo no solo, é importante a resistência" afirma TP1. É importante salientar que entre os aparelhos da GAM, o Solo é o de maior demanda fisiológica (JEMNI et al, 2001).…”