Evolution of African swine fever virus genes related to evasion of host immune response

Frączyk, Magdalena; Woźniakowski, Grzegorz; Kowalczyk, Andrzej; Bocian, Łukasz; Kozak, Edyta; Niemczuk, Krzysztof; Pejsak, Z.

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.08.018

Cited by 44 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Although the ASF virus is considered a slowly evolving DNA virus, it is known that there are some genetic regions with a level of heterogeneity. Of particular interest are genes related to inhibition or modulation of the infected animal's immune response, including alteration of interferon production by multigene family protein (MGF505‐2R), inhibition of NF‐κB and nuclear activating factor in T cells by the A238L protein, and modulation of host defence by CD2v lectin‐like protein, encoded by the EP402R and EP153R genes (Frączyk et al., ). The CD2v transmembrane potential is required for haemadsorption of red blood cells around infected macrophages and for the adhesion of extracellular virions to erythrocytes and consequent viral dissemination.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among ASF isolates collected from wild boar and domestic pigs in eastern Poland during 2014/15, Frączyk et al. () observed a slow but consistent evolution of EP402R and MGF505‐2R, and a common origin with highly pathogenic isolates Georgia 2007/1 and Odintsovo 2/2014. Similarly, based on a sequence comparison with the protein encoded by the EP402R gene, Sanna et al.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Critically, Frączyk et al. () concluded that the spatio‐temporal analysis of cases aligned with phylogenetic data offered a limited possibility of tracing the molecular evolution of the ASF virus. Similarly, Sanna et al.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiological analyses of African swine fever in the Baltic States and Poland

Depner¹,

Gortázar²,

Gubertì³

et al. 2017

EFS2

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EFSA assisted four countries in the analysis of epidemiological data on African swine fever (ASF), collected until September 2017. The temporal analysis demonstrated that the average proportions of PCR and antibody-ELISA positive samples from the hunted wild boar remained below 3.9 and 6.6, respectively. A peak in the ASF incidence was observed 6 months after the first observed case, followed by a significant reduction of the number of cases and low levels of African swine fever virus (ASFV) circulation at the end of 38 months follow-up period at different spatial resolutions. The spatial analysis concluded that human-mediated spread of ASFV continues to play a critical role in the ASF epidemiology, despite all measures currently taken. 'Wild boar density', 'total road length' (as proxy for human activity) and 'average suitable wild boar habitat availability' were identified as predictors for the occurrence of ASF in Estonia by a Bayesian hierarchical model, whereas 'wild boar density' and 'density of pig farms' were predictors according to a generalised additive model. To evaluate the preventive strategies proposed in EFSA's Scientific Opinion (2015) to stop the spread of ASFV in the wild boar population, a simulation model, building on expert knowledge and literature was used. It was concluded that reduction of wild boar population and carcass removal to stop the spread of ASFV in the wild boar population are more effective when applied preventively in the infected area. Drastic depopulation, targeted hunting of female wild boar and carcass removal solely implemented as measures to control ASF in the wild boar population need to be implemented in a highly effective manner (at or beyond the limit of reported effectivity in wild boar management) to sustainably halt the spread of ASF.

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Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiological analyses of African swine fever in the Baltic States and Poland

Depner¹,

Gortázar²,

Gubertì³

et al. 2017

EFS2

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“…Although much progress have been made on genetic diversity of the virus, the extent and mechanisms are still not clear. Besides, most of these studies either only investigated the genetic diversity of some common genes, such as p72 and p54 (Fraczyk et al, 2016;Michaud et al, 2013), or only used one to twelve isolate genomes (Dixon et al, 2013;Chapman et al, 2008;de Villiers et al, 2010). The number of discovered viral genomes has increased rapidly as the development of DNA sequencing technology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Homologous recombination, which has been reported to occur in several groups of viruses (Roossinck, 1997;Nagy and Bujarski, 1996;Wang et al, 2015), such as herpesvirus, retroviruses, and coronaviruses, has played an important role in viral evolution (Nagy and Bujarski, 1996). A few studies on several ASFV genes have suggested the occurrence of homologous recombination in the evolution of ASFVs (Dixon et al, 2013;Fraczyk et al, 2016). However, a comprehensive study on the homologous recombination in ASFV at the genomic scale is lacking, and the role of the recombination on the genetic diversity and the evolution of the virus is still unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Homologous recombination shapes the genetic diversity of African swine fever viruses

Zhu

Xiao

Fan

et al. 2019

Veterinary Microbiology

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A B S T R A C TThe African swine fever virus (ASFV) has severely influenced the swine industry of the world. Currently, there is no effective vaccine or drugs against the ASFV. How to effectively control the virus is challenging. In this study, we have analyzed all the publicly available ASFV genomes and demonstrated that there was a large genetic diversity of ASFV genomes. Interestingly, the genetic diversity was mainly caused by extensive genomic insertions and/or deletions (indels) instead of the point mutations. Further analyses showed that the indels may be attributed much to the homologous recombination, as supported by significant associations between the occurrence of extensive recombination events and the indels in the ASFV genomes. Besides, the homologous recombination also led to changes of gene content of ASFVs. Finally, repeated elements of dozens of nucleotides in length were observed to widely distribute and cluster in the adjacent positions of ASFV genomes, which may facilitate the occurrence of homologous recombination. This work highlighted the importance of homologous recombination in shaping the genetic diversity of the ASFVs, and could help understand the evolution of the virus.

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