Evolution of alkaline phosphatases in primates.

Goldstein, David J.; Rogers, Caprice E.; Harris, Harry

doi:10.1073/pnas.79.3.879

Cited by 47 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…seminoma of testis and tumours of breast, ovary, lung, stomach and pancreas (Fishman et al, 1968;Stolbach et al, 1979;Nathanson & Fishman, 1971;Uchida et al, 1981;Wada et al, 1979) as well as in some normal tissues such as cervix, lung and testes (Goldstein et al, 1982;Chang et al, 1980). It is known that placental alkaline phosphatase is a highly complex enzyme (Harris, 1982) which has been demonstrated in this study by the different patterns of staining of the two separate monoclonal antibodies directed against placental alkaline phosphatase.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…The ectopic appearance of placental alkaline phosphatase has been reported using polyclonal antisera in a wide range of neoplasms including testis, ovary, lung, stomach and pancreas (Fishman et al, 1976(Fishman et al, , 1968Stolbach et al, 1969;Nathanson & Fishman, 1971). It has also been reported to be present in small amounts in normal cervix, lung and a placental like form in the testis (Goldstein et al, 1982;Chang et al, 1980 (Kohler & Milstein, 1975) against the colon carcinoma cell line LoVo (Stragaard et al, 1980) phosphatase (Travers & Bodmer, in preparation). H17E2 also reacts with the leucine inhibitable form of alkaline phosphatase found at low levels in the normal testis and which is immunologically cross reactive with the placental enzyme (Harris, 1982).…”

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confidence: 99%

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An immunohistological study of testicular germ cell tumours using two different monoclonal antibodies against placental alkaline phosphatase

Epenetos¹,

Travers²,

Gatter³

et al. 1984

Br J Cancer

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Summary Using two monoclonal antibodies directed against placental alkaline phosphatase (H17E2 and D20L) the immunohistological staining of testicular germ cell tumours was compared with that of a wide range of normal and malignant tissues. All seminomas and malignant teratomas tested gave strong positive labelling with H17E2 but were either negative or only patchily positive with D20L. Neither antibody gave any positive reaction on the normal tissues tested. All other malignancies were negative with both antibodies apart from two cases of ovarian and one case of endometrical cancer (strongly stained by H17E2) and three cases of colonic carcinoma (weakly and patchily stained by both H17E2 and D20L). This indicates that germ cell neoplasms generally express a form of placental alkaline phosphatase recognised by antibody H17E2.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

An immunohistological study of testicular germ cell tumours using two different monoclonal antibodies against placental alkaline phosphatase

Epenetos¹,

Travers²,

Gatter³

et al. 1984

Br J Cancer

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“…Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP), a brush-border protein that hydrolyzes monophosphate esters, is expressed exclusively in villus-associated enterocytes and is considered an excellent marker for crypt-villus differentiation (15)(16)(17)(18). Narisawa et al (19) reported that compared with their wild-type (WT) littermates, mice lacking IAP gained more weight under conditions of a high-fat diet.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Intestinal alkaline phosphatase is a gut mucosal defense factor maintained by enteral nutrition

Goldberg

Austen

Zhang

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

318

323

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Under conditions of starvation and disease, the gut barrier becomes impaired, and trophic feeding to prevent gut mucosal atrophy has become a standard treatment of critically ill patients. However, the mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects of enteral nutrition have remained a mystery. Using in vitro and in vivo models, we demonstrate that the brush-border enzyme, intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP), has the ability to detoxify lipopolysaccharide and prevent bacterial invasion across the gut mucosal barrier. IAP expression and function are lost with starvation and maintained by enteral feeding. It is likely that the IAP silencing that occurs during starvation is a key component of the gut mucosal barrier dysfunction seen in critically ill patients.A mong the most critical functions of the mammalian gut mucosa is to provide a barrier to luminal microbes and toxins while simultaneously allowing for the necessary digestion and absorption of dietary nutrients. The molecular mechanisms that govern barrier function are incompletely understood, but it is clear that under conditions of starvation and disease, the gut barrier becomes impaired, leading to significant morbidity and mortality (1-8). Trophic enteral feeding to prevent gut mucosal atrophy and resultant barrier dysfunction has become part of the standard treatment of intensive care unit patients (9-14). The mechanism(s) responsible for the beneficial effects of trophic feeding are not understood.Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP), a brush-border protein that hydrolyzes monophosphate esters, is expressed exclusively in villus-associated enterocytes and is considered an excellent marker for crypt-villus differentiation (15-18). Narisawa et al. (19) reported that compared with their wild-type (WT) littermates, mice lacking IAP gained more weight under conditions of a high-fat diet. In addition, several studies have shown that the IAP enzyme is capable of detoxifying LPS, likely through dephosphorylation of the lipid A moiety, the primary source of its endotoxic effects (20). Despite these few reports, the physiological role of IAP within the gut has not been elucidated. Results and DiscussionTo examine the functional role of IAP, we developed in vitro model systems using intestinal cell lines (T84, HT-29, and IEC-6) that express little or no IAP under basal conditions. Stable cell lines were created that overexpress IAP (Fig. 1A), and enzyme assays were used to determine the cellular localization of the ectopically expressed IAP protein. The results in Fig. 1B show that parent cells make little, if any, endogenous IAP. In contrast, large amounts of IAP enzyme are seen in the stably transfected cells. Importantly, the vast majority of the IAP activity is in the membrane fraction as opposed to the cytosol. Fig. 1C shows the results of the control experiment used to validate our separation of membranous and cytosolic fractions, confirming that the majority of the MAPK enzyme activity exists within the cytosol rather than the membrane. This membrane ...

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“…It has been transfected and expressed in cultured mammalian cells (22)(23)(24). Its natural distribution is limited primarily to the placenta in humans and the great apes (25)(26)(27). Previous reports indicate minimal AP activity within the rodent brain (28,29) and there are several inhibitors of rodent AP activities that do not inhibit P ALP-I.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A recombinant retrovirus encoding alkaline phosphatase confirms clonal boundary assignment in lineage analysis of murine retina.

Fields-Berry

Halliday²,

Cepko³

1992

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

229

167

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Recombinant retroviruses encoding the histochemically detectable enzyme beta-galactosidase have been used to investigate lineage in the vertebrate nervous system. Identification of the descendants of individual progenitors is straightforward when progeny cells are arranged in a reproducible, clustered pattern, but difficulties in interpretation arise when progeny migrate extensively and/or in an irregular pattern. To better resolve clonal boundaries, additional histochemical marker viruses that engender distinctive reaction products can be used in combination with lacZ-bearing viruses. To this end, we have created a retrovirus vector, DAP, encoding an easily assayable enzyme, human placental alkaline phosphatase. DAP was found to be at least as useful as a lacZ-encoding retrovirus (e.g., BAG) with respect to high viral titer, stability of expression, and in identification of infected cells in vivo. Moreover, it was found to be neutral with respect to postnatal rodent retinal development and offered superior staining characteristics relative to lacZ. Coinfection of rodent retina with DAP and BAG allowed an examination of the clonal nature of radial arrays of labeled retinal cells that previously had been described as products of a single infected progenitor. Of 1100 radial arrays examined for the presence of both DAP- and BAG-infected cells, only 1.2% were the result of infection with more than one virus.

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Evolution of alkaline phosphatases in primates.

Cited by 47 publications

References 21 publications

An immunohistological study of testicular germ cell tumours using two different monoclonal antibodies against placental alkaline phosphatase

An immunohistological study of testicular germ cell tumours using two different monoclonal antibodies against placental alkaline phosphatase

Intestinal alkaline phosphatase is a gut mucosal defense factor maintained by enteral nutrition

A recombinant retrovirus encoding alkaline phosphatase confirms clonal boundary assignment in lineage analysis of murine retina.

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