Evolution of debris flow and moraine failure in the Gangotri Glacier region, Garhwal Himalaya: Hydro-geomorphological aspects

Kumar, Amit; Bhambri, Rakesh; Tiwari, Sameer K.; Verma, Akshaya; Gupta, Anil K.; Kawishwar, Prashant

doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.02.015

Cited by 46 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…The amount of precipitation varies in the Dunagiri valley; a minimum precipitation of 428 mm occurred in 1984 (GSI ), and it was further reduced to 298 mm in 2017 (Kumar et al . ).…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 97%

“…; Kumar et al . ), and thus it presents an excellent opportunity to test our hypothesis. Thus, we postulate that the sensitivity of precipitation‐deprived regions might differ from that of humid regions, considering that their sensitivity towards temperature and/or precipitation is rarely tested (Owen & Dortch ; Batbaatar et al .…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Compared to wetter regions where contemporary precipitation is more than 1000 mm a −1 , the Dunagiri valley receives <300 mm a −1 precipitation (Kumar et al . ). Thus, the Dunagiri valley can be classified as a monsoon‐influenced dry region (Srivastava et al .…”

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confidence: 97%

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Chronology and climate sensitivity of the post‐LGMglaciation in the Dunagiri valley, Dhauliganga basin, Central Himalaya, India

Kumar

Shukla

Mishra

et al. 2020

Boreas

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In this study, we reconstruct the style and timing of the late Quaternary glaciation pattern in a monsoon‐influenced precipitation‐deprived region (Dhauliganga basin) of the Central Himalaya, India. We present detailed glacial geomorphological mapping, aided by topographic maps, satellite data, Google Earth images, global positioning system survey, and fieldwork (2012–2016), supported by optically stimulated luminescence dating. Our estimations for the magnitude and timing of glaciations in the Dunagiri Glacier valley suggest five sets of glacial advances. The oldest and most extensive glaciation in the valley is Dunagiri Glacial Stage‐I (DGS‐I), represented by a discontinuous moraine ridge that extends down to ~10 km (~2700 m a.s.l.) from the present‐day snout and formed 13±3 ka ago. The DGS‐II stage is present in the form of a small moraine ridge (~3000 m a.s.l.) that formed 10±2 ka ago. The DGS‐III and DGS‐IV glacial stages are 5–6 and 3.5 ka old, respectively. The youngest stage (DGS‐V) of glaciation belongs to the neoglaciation episode ~1 ka old. DGS‐I was the most extensive glaciation in the valley and corresponds to the global Last Glacial Maximum. The glaciation pattern has been correlated with the estimates of present‐day glacial sensitivity to climate and explained as forcing factors sensitive to temperature and/or precipitation changes in the region. The observations based on prevailing climate correlations aided with available glacial chronologies underline the fact that the glacial valleys situated in precipitation‐deprived regions have preserved a delayed response of glaciations to regional climatic events. Estimates for the timing and pattern of glaciation in the present study suggest a different glacial response for modern climatic changes than previously assumed. We suggest that individual glacier advances differ regionally and, therefore, should not be interpreted as being reflective of a change in the whole geographical belt.

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“…The amount of precipitation varies in the Dunagiri valley; a minimum precipitation of 428 mm occurred in 1984 (GSI ), and it was further reduced to 298 mm in 2017 (Kumar et al . ).…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 97%

mentioning

confidence: 94%

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Chronology and climate sensitivity of the post‐LGMglaciation in the Dunagiri valley, Dhauliganga basin, Central Himalaya, India

Kumar

Shukla

Mishra

et al. 2020

Boreas

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“…When the gradient of the gully slope downstream of the dam is large enough and composed of sufficient loose sediments, the GLOFs will likely transform into debris flows (Clague and O'Connor, 2015;Cui et al, 2010), as indicated by DFMC events in the Himalaya (e.g. southeast Tibet, China; Uttarakhand and Garhwal, India) (Allen et al, 2016;Cui et al, 2010;Das et al, 2015;Dobhal et al, 2013;Kumar et al, 2019;Li and You, 1992;Singh et al, 2018), Andes (Carey et al, 2012;Schneider et al, 2014;Worni et al, 2012), European Alps (Chiarle et al, 2007), and Scandinavia (Breien et al, 2008). The lower limit (threshold) of the slope gradient needed for the transformation of GLOF into debris flow is normally considered to be higher than 5 , for example 6-9 (or 10-16%) (Clague and O'Connor, 2015), or around 10 (or 17.6%) (Hungr et al, 2005;Rickenmann, 1997), or even 10-15 (or 17-27%) (Clague and Evans, 2000).…”

Section: Examples Of Dfmc Events From Literature and Their Causesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Debris flows originating in the mountain cryosphere under a changing climate: A review

Yao

Huang

et al. 2020

Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment

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Debris flows originating in the mountain cryosphere (DFMC) are one of the most globally important, widely distributed mass flows (and natural geohazards) in mountain areas with a high altitude and/or high latitude. This is particularly the case in high mountain areas that have been undergoing rapid glacier retreat, permafrost degradation, and other melt/thaw related processes. As a consequence, the actual hazards and potential risks of DFMC have drawn increasing attention in the context of global climate change (i.e. a rising temperature and higher occurrence of strong precipitation events). Unlike debris flows at low elevations, where their occurrence is closely related to precipitation (intensity and duration), the breach of a DFMC event depends on precipitation and/or air temperature, which in turn influence melt/thaw processes, rending the formation mechanism much more complicated. Although research has been widely carried out on DFMC in past decades, there is still a long way to go before we have reached a complete understanding of the formation mechanism and triggering conditions. This review summarizes recent progress in the study of DFMC, including typical DFMC events and their causes, the failure mechanisms of rock (or ice-rock joints), the characteristics of moraine deposits, initiation through hydraulic erosion (entrainment), the relationship between DFMC initiation and meteorological conditions, and the slope stability of the mountain cryosphere under a changing climate. Several issues that should be addressed in future research are also discussed.

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“…(2020), based on the available meteorological records (GSI 1998; Kumar et al . 2019), suggested that the amount of precipitation varied in the Dunagiri valley. Bisht et al .…”

Section: Regional Glacial and Climate Correlationmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Chronology and climate sensitivity of the post‐LGM glaciation in the Dunagiri valley, Dhauliganga basin, Central Himalaya, India’: Reply to comments

Kumar

Shukla

Mehta

et al. 2020

Boreas

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Evolution of debris flow and moraine failure in the Gangotri Glacier region, Garhwal Himalaya: Hydro-geomorphological aspects

Cited by 46 publications

References 61 publications

Chronology and climate sensitivity of the post‐LGMglaciation in the Dunagiri valley, Dhauliganga basin, Central Himalaya, India

Chronology and climate sensitivity of the post‐LGMglaciation in the Dunagiri valley, Dhauliganga basin, Central Himalaya, India

Debris flows originating in the mountain cryosphere under a changing climate: A review

‘Chronology and climate sensitivity of the post‐LGM glaciation in the Dunagiri valley, Dhauliganga basin, Central Himalaya, India’: Reply to comments

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