Evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties in 2205 duplex stainless steels during additive manufacturing and heat treatment

Haghdadi, N.; Ledermueller, Carina; Chen, Hansheng; Chen, Zibin; Liu, Qian; Li, Xiao Peng; Rohrer, Gregory S.; Liao, Xiaozhou; Ringer, Simon P.; Primig, Sophie

doi:10.1016/j.msea.2022.142695

Cited by 87 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Studies can be found in the literature where the process optimization of commercially available duplex and super duplex stainless steel powders is presented [16,17]. In some studies, the focus is on the analysis of the microstructure and the impact on mechanical properties [18][19][20], and in others, research is performed to quantify phases and their effect on corrosion resistance [21,22]. Different methodologies for the parameter optimization of DSS and SDSS LPBF processing were based on experiments exploring a wide range of the processing parameters combined with statistical analyses, or on thermodynamic calculations studying the formation of embrittling phases upon laser processing or post-AM heat treatment [9,[15][16][17][18]20,22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In some studies, the focus is on the analysis of the microstructure and the impact on mechanical properties [18][19][20], and in others, research is performed to quantify phases and their effect on corrosion resistance [21,22]. Different methodologies for the parameter optimization of DSS and SDSS LPBF processing were based on experiments exploring a wide range of the processing parameters combined with statistical analyses, or on thermodynamic calculations studying the formation of embrittling phases upon laser processing or post-AM heat treatment [9,[15][16][17][18]20,22]. Other studies correlated microstructure evolution and second-phase precipitation with mechanical properties (ultimate tensile strength, elongation at break, microhardness) and/or corrosion behavior [15,20,23,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comparative Investigation of Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steels Processed through Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Gargalis,

Karavias,

Graff

et al. 2023

Metals

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The aim of this paper was to compare duplex (DSS) and super duplex stainless steel processed by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) based on the process parameters and microstructure–nanomechanical property relationships. Each alloy was investigated with respect to its feedstock powder characteristics. Optimum process parameters including scanning speed, laser power, beam diameter, laser energy density, and layer thickness were defined for each alloy, and near-fully dense parts (>99.9%) were produced. Microstructural analysis was performed via optical (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The samples were subjected to stress relief and high-temperature annealing. EBSD revealed the crystallographic orientation and quantified the phases in the as-built and annealed sample conditions. The as-built samples revealed a fully ferritic microstructure with a small amount of grain boundary austenite in the SDSS microstructure. High-temperature solution annealing resulted in the desired duplex microstructure for both alloys. There were no secondary phases present in the microstructure after both heat treatments. Nanoindentation generated nanomechanical (modulus) mapping grids and quantified the nanomechanical (both hardness and modulus) response; plasticity and stress relief were also assessed in all three conditions (as-built, stress-relieved, and annealed) in both DSS and SDSS. Austenite formation in the annealed condition contributed to lower hardness levels (~4.3–4.8 Gpa) and higher plastic deformation compared to the as-built (~5.7–6.3 Gpa) and stress-relieved conditions (~4.8–5.8 Gpa) for both alloys. SDSS featured a ~60% austenite volume fraction in its annealed and quenched microstructure, attributed to its higher nickel and nitrogen contents compared to DSS, which exhibited a ~30% austenite volume fraction.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Investigation of Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steels Processed through Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Gargalis,

Karavias,

Graff

et al. 2023

Metals

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“…Different types of heat treatments are available and have been applied to different materials, ranging from plastics, fibres, thermosets, glass, and metals, among others. Additive manufactured 2205 DSS was heat treated at 1000 •C for 10 minutes, it was observed that the microstructure reverted to the ferrite-austenite phase balance [30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of the impact of strain rate on dynamic recrystallization of hot-deformed 2205 duplex stainless steel

Baruwa

Gonya²,

Makhatha³

2023

MATEC Web Conf.

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2205 duplex stainless steel suffers poor hot workability, especially whe1981hot-deformed. This investigation aims to determine the strain rate’s effect on the material’s dynamic recrystallization after heat treatment. Secondly, to ascertain the critical strain at which the recrystallization occurs. The as-rolled material was subjected to heat treatment at 1340 °C for some time. After heat treatment, the yielded equiaxed austenite morphology was used for this investigation. Gleeble 1500™ thermo-mechanical was used as a simulant in uniaxial compression mode. The deformation temperature was set at 850 °C, with maximum strain at 0.8 and carried out at 0.001 s-1, 0.01 s-1, 0.1 s-1, 1 s-1, 5 s-1 strain rates. The microstructure of before and after heat-treatment was evaluated using a light microscope, while the critical factors (stress and strain) were determined through the stress-strain curve. It was observed that the lowest strain rate generated the maximum critical stress and critical strain at 191.99 MPa and 0.08283, respectively. However, at the highest strain rate, the maximum critical stress and critical strain experienced by the material were at 336.32 MPa and 0.17577. Overall, it was established that the applied stain rate influenced the critical strain and stress of the material. It can be concluded that dynamic recrystallization can occur at any strain rate, but the applied stress determines the extent of the phenomenon.

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“…2205 duplex stainless steels (DSSs) are widely employed in petroleum, chemical, and nuclear energy fields because of their good corrosion resistance, high plasticity, and good formability. [1][2][3] However, the second phases, such as σ, χ, π, and M 23 C 6 are easily precipitated in the process of welding or improper heat treatment, which greatly reduces the local corrosion resistance, especially the Cr-rich hard and brittle intermetallic compound σ phase has the most profound influence, and it is also seriously detrimental to plasticity and toughness. [4][5][6][7][8] Therefore, selecting the appropriate heat treatment and processing technology to reduce the precipitation of σ phase is one of the effective ways to obtain the good comprehensive properties of 2205 DSSs and increase the service life of workpieces prepared from this material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Isothermal Treatment on Microstructure and Performance of Micro/Nanostructure 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel Prepared by Aluminothermic Reaction

Zheng

Zhu

et al. 2023

steel research int.

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Using an appropriate heat treatment process to control the precipitation of the σ phase, while regulating the alloy structure and grain size, is one of the effective ways to obtain good comprehensive properties of duplex stainless steel (DSS). Herein, the feasibility and preparation parameters of micro/nanostructure 2205 DSS prepared by the aluminothermic reaction are explored. The microstructure and properties are further controlled by isothermal treatment at 1000 °C for a different time. The results show that the volume percentages of α and γ phases in the 1.0 h isothermal treated steel obtain a maximum value and a minimum value, corresponding to 60% and 36%, respectively. The evolution of microstructure with isothermal treatment also affects the content and morphology of the precipitated σ phase, which changes from continuous precipitation to granular precipitation at the α/γ phase boundaries, and its volume percentage obtains a minimum value when the isothermal treatment is performed for 1.0 h. With the increase of heat treatment time, the average grain size and volume fraction of nanocrystals increase gradually. Corresponding to the changes in microstructure and grain size, the maximum values of Vickers hardness and tensile properties of the alloy are obtained after 1.0 h isothermal treatment.

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Evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties in 2205 duplex stainless steels during additive manufacturing and heat treatment

Cited by 87 publications

References 53 publications

A Comparative Investigation of Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steels Processed through Laser Powder Bed Fusion

A Comparative Investigation of Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steels Processed through Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Determination of the impact of strain rate on dynamic recrystallization of hot-deformed 2205 duplex stainless steel

Effect of Isothermal Treatment on Microstructure and Performance of Micro/Nanostructure 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel Prepared by Aluminothermic Reaction

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