Evolution of Plant Resistance to Multiple Herbivores: Quantifying Diffuse Coevolution

Iwao, Keisuke; Rausher, Mark D.

doi:10.1086/285992

Cited by 157 publications

(183 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Traditionally, this question has been approached by decomposing food web complexity into more manageable subsets of interacting species, which are then studied in isolation from the rest of the community (Vandermeer, 1969;Billick and Case, 1994). This approach has shown that there are frequently emergent properties that arise only in the presence of multiple species (Sih et al, 1998;Strauss and Irwin, 2004) resulting in ecological and evolutionary outcomes that could not be predicted by on the basis of single-or even two-species dynamics (Iwao and Rausher, 1997;Strauss and Irwin, 2004;Thompson, 2005;Berenbaum and Zangerl, 2006;Parchman and Benkman, 2008;. We were interested in whether part of the difficulty in predicting multi-species dynamics arises from the feedbacks between ecological and evolutionary processes that are dependent on the precise composition of the predator-prey community.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If competition between different predators is more symmetrical, both predators are likely to exert selection on prey but these effects are likely to be weaker compared with the effects predators would be exerting on prey in the absence of competition. Second, trait correlations between defence mechanisms against different predators could affect the evolutionary dynamics in multi-predator communities (Iwao and Rausher, 1997;Strauss and Irwin, 2004;Strauss et al, 2005;. In the case of no correlation (independent predator effects), the combined effect of multiple predators may result in divergent selection for specialist defence strategies, where different sub-populations adapt to different interacting species (Futuyma and Moreno, 1988;Davies and Brooke, 1989;Nuismer and Thompson, 2006;Edeline et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relative importance of evolutionary dynamics depends on the composition of microbial predator–prey community

et al. 2015

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Community dynamics are often studied in subsets of pairwise interactions. Scaling pairwise interactions back to the community level is, however, problematic because one given interaction might not reflect ecological and evolutionary outcomes of other functionally similar species interactions or capture the emergent eco-evolutionary dynamics arising only in more complex communities. Here we studied this experimentally by exposing Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 prey bacterium to four different protist predators (Tetrahymena pyriformis, Tetrahymena vorax, Chilomonas paramecium and Acanthamoeba polyphaga) in all possible single-predator, two-predator and four-predator communities for hundreds of prey generations covering both ecological and evolutionary timescales. We found that only T. pyriformis selected for prey defence in single-predator communities. Although T. pyriformis selection was constrained in the presence of the intraguild predator, T. vorax, T. pyriformis selection led to evolution of specialised prey defence strategies in the presence of C. paramecium or A. polyphaga. At the ecological level, adapted prey populations were phenotypically more diverse, less stable and less productive compared with non-adapted prey populations. These results suggest that predator community composition affects the relative importance of ecological and evolutionary processes and can crucially determine when rapid evolution has the potential to change ecological properties of microbial communities.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative importance of evolutionary dynamics depends on the composition of microbial predator–prey community

et al. 2015

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“…However, many different types of herbivores feed on L. arboreus, including insect guilds that feed on roots, leaves, flowers and seeds, as well as mammals such as deer, voles, mice and gophers (Maron and Simms, 1997;Maron, 2001). The diversity of herbivory on L. arboreus may lead to diffuse rather than pairwise coevolution if the pattern of selection on alkaloids by one herbivore changes in the presence of additional herbivores (Hougen-Eitzman and Rausher, 1994;Iwao and Rausher, 1997;Stinchcombe and Rausher, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation in Lupinus arboreus alkaloid profiles and relationships with multiple herbivores

Adler

Kittelson

2004

Biochemical Systematics and Ecology

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Variation in plant defensive profiles can be affected by environmental factors, genetic factors, and their interactions, and different feeding guilds may have different responses to variation in defenses. Here we present results of a factorial breeding design in Lupinus arboreus from three sites of origin to determine how parental effects, population differences, and environmental effects influence alkaloid profiles and resistance to multiple herbivores. Alkaloids were identified and quantified in seeds and adult plants grown at each of the three sites. We also censused five different herbivores on plants over 2 years and determined the relationship between each herbivore density and total alkaloids, alkaloid profiles, plant size and site. We found strong effects of origin, maternal parent, and maternal Â paternal interactions on seed alkaloid profiles, and effects of origin, destination site, their interactions, and maternal Â paternal interactions on leaf alkaloid profiles. However, there was no correlation between alkaloid concentration or specific compounds in seeds and full-sib adult plants. Density of the leaf galler Dasineura lupinorum and the fungus Colletotrichium spp. was affected by total alkaloid concentration and alkaloid profiles, while density of apical flies and bud gallers was not affected by any alkaloid measure. Red and green forms of the leaf galler had different responses to alkaloids, and green leaf gallers and fungi had opposite responses to measures of alkaloid profiles. These results highlight the complexity of interactions between herbivores and plant defenses, and indicate that measuring selection for defense traits may not be straightforward in natural environments that include multiple herbivore guilds. #

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“…On the other hand, some systems seem to involve a much larger number of species, and some authors have used the term ''diffuse coevolution'' to describe the coevolutionary process in such communities (3)(4)(5). The approach of diffuse coevolution, however, has not provided any insight on the structural organization of species-rich communities (6), yet this is a fundamental property to understand coevolution in these species-rich assemblages.…”

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confidence: 99%

The nested assembly of plant–animal mutualistic networks

Bascompte

Jordano

Melián

et al. 2003

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

2,089

2,620

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Most studies of plant-animal mutualisms involve a small number of species. There is almost no information on the structural organization of species-rich mutualistic networks despite its potential importance for the maintenance of diversity. Here we analyze 52 mutualistic networks and show that they are highly nested; that is, the more specialist species interact only with proper subsets of those species interacting with the more generalists. This assembly pattern generates highly asymmetrical interactions and organizes the community cohesively around a central core of interactions. Thus, mutualistic networks are neither randomly assembled nor organized in compartments arising from tight, parallel specialization. Furthermore, nestedness increases with the complexity (number of interactions) of the network: for a given number of species, communities with more interactions are significantly more nested. Our results indicate a nonrandom pattern of community organization that may be relevant for our understanding of the organization and persistence of biodiversity.

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Evolution of Plant Resistance to Multiple Herbivores: Quantifying Diffuse Coevolution

Cited by 157 publications

References 34 publications

Relative importance of evolutionary dynamics depends on the composition of microbial predator–prey community

Relative importance of evolutionary dynamics depends on the composition of microbial predator–prey community

Variation in Lupinus arboreus alkaloid profiles and relationships with multiple herbivores

The nested assembly of plant–animal mutualistic networks

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