Evolution of Residual Levels of Six Pesticides during Elaboration of Red Wines. Effect of Wine-Making Procedures in Their Dissappearance

Abstract

The effect of wine-making procedures on the concentrations of six pesticides (chlorpyrifos, penconazole, fenarimol, vinclozolin, metalaxyl, and mancozeb) in red wines has been studied. During maceration stage (4 days), the percentage remaining of chlorpyrifos, penconazole, and metalaxyl was approximately 90%, whereas that of fenarimol, vinclozolin, and mancozeb is somewhat smaller (74-67%). The residual levels found in pressed must were </=20%, except for metalaxyl (69%). From the whole concentration of chlorpyrifos in must, 85% is eliminated from the racking step; clarification (bentonite plus gelatin) eliminates 43% of the product found in the decanted wine, and with filtration, all of the residue is eliminated. Penconazole and mancozeb are retained on the lees in proportions of 43 and 31%, respectively. The eliminated percentage of vinclozolin after racking is 29%, whereas clarification and filtration reduce its proportion in the wine to 33 and 28%, respectively. Finally, fenarimol and metalaxyl are eliminated in smaller proportion with the realization of these processes.

Effects of wine grape cultivar, application conditions and the winemaking process on the dissipation of six pesticides

“…The higher residue removal observed in red wine vinification is in part due to the malolactic fermentation, which reduced pesticide residue from 44 to 76%, particularly in the cases of tebuconazole and imidacloprid, respectively (Figure 2). This fact is in concordance with several studies that have shown the importance of the fermentation process in residue losses (Navarro et al, 1999;Cabras and Angioni, 2000;Fernandez et al, 2005;Gonzalez-Rodriguez et al, 2009). However, some of these authors did not found effect of malolactic fermentation on quinoxyfen, mepanipyrim, carbaryl, carbendazim, chlorothalonil, fenarimol, metalaxyl, oxadixyl, procymidone, triadimenol or tebuconazol losses (Cabras et al, 1999;GonzalezRodriguez et al, 2009).…”

“…Contrary results can be found in the literature regardless of filtration and clarification practices used, though results depend on the types of pesticides and matrix (Navarro et al, 1999;Fernandez et al, 2005;Oliva et al, 2007).…”

“…Data from the literature on pesticides transfer from grape berries to wine are variable and dependent on the vinification process and physico-chemical pesticide properties, particularly the lipophilicity (LogKow) and solubility (Cabras et al, 1997;Navarro et al, 1999;Cabras and Angioni, 2000;Agnioni et al, 2003;Gonzalez-Rodriguez et al, 2009). …”

“…Some researchers have observed a strong effect of the clarification process in the removal of pesticide residues, but these results are variable depending on the type of pesticide and the clearing substance (Navarro et al, 1999;Cabras and Angioni, 2000;Fernandez et al, 2005;Gonzalez-Rodriguez et al, 2009;Angioni et al, 2011). According to Cabras et al (1997), bentonite was able to remove only cyprodinil, but not fludioxonil, pyrimethanil and tebuconazole, and charcoal was the only effective clearing substance, as it removed over 90% of the pesticides.…”

Influence of new fungicides – metiram and pyraclostrobin – onSaccharomyces cerevisiaeyeast growth and alcoholic fermentation course for wine production Influencia de los nuevos fungicidas – metiram y piraclostrobín – en el crecimiento de la levaduraSaccharomyces cerevisiaey en el curso de la fermentación alcohólica para la elaboración de vino

“…Although the correct use of phytosanitary products and treatments does not have adverse effects for public or environmental health, fungicide residues in grapes can pass through the winemaking process and are still present in the final product. Luckily, the winemaking process and the oenological steps carried out can contribute to their reduction de MeloAbreu et al, 2006;Ferna´ndez, Oliva, Barba, & Ca´mara, 2005;Gonza´lez-Rodrı´guez, Cancho-Grande, & SimalGa´ndara, 2009a, 2011Jime´nez, Bernal, del Nozal, Bernal, & Toribio, 2007;Navarro, Barba, Oliva, Navarro, & Pardo, 1999).…”