Evolution of Soot Particle Number, Mass and Size Distribution along the Exhaust Line of a Heavy-Duty Engine Fueled with Compressed Natural Gas

Distaso, Elia; Amirante, Riccardo; Calò, G.; Palma, P. De; Tamburrano, Paolo

doi:10.3390/en13153993

Cited by 24 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Instruments that provide real-time size distributions are the electrical low-pressure Atmosphere 2022, 13, 1675 2 of 20 impactor (ELPI) (Dekati Ltd., Kangasala, Finland) [17], the differential mobility sizer (DMS) (DMS500, Cambustion Ltd., Cambridge, UK) [18], and the engine exhaust particle sizer (EEPS) (model 3090, TSI Inc., Shoreview, MN, USA) [19]. Vehicle or aircraft exhaust, indoor or outdoor ambient air, or workplace environment measurements with such instruments are very common [20][21][22][23]. Many studies, however, raised concerns regarding the accuracy of such instruments measuring aerosol with not-well-defined properties, such as from vehicles or ambient air [24][25][26][27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Particle Sizers and Counters with Soot-like, Salt, and Silver Particles

Giechaskiel

Melas

2022

Atmosphere

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Vehicle emission regulations in Europe and many Asian countries include a particle number limit. The number concentration is measured, typically, with condensation particle counters (CPCs). For research purposes, the size distributions provide useful information. Scanning mobility particle sizers (SMPSs) accurately provide the size distribution but are not suitable for transient aerosol. Engine (fast) exhaust particle sizers (EEPSs) cover this gap, but with less accuracy. Fast size distribution instruments are commonly used in the research and development of engines. In the last few years, instrument algorithms have been improved, but studies assessing the improvements are limited, in particular in their lower size range, around 10–20 nm, and for soot-like aerosol. In this paper, we compared the three instruments using salt, silver, diffusion flame soot (CAST), and spark discharge graphite particles. Moreover, vehicle exhaust number concentration measurements with EEPSs over a seven-year period were presented. In terms of particle concentration, EEPS overestimated, on average, 25% compared to CPC, in agreement with previous studies. Its accuracy for mean particle size determination was better than 5 nm compared to SMPS. The agreement between the instruments was satisfactory but the uncertainty increased at low concentrations and larger particle sizes, showing that there is still room for further improvements. Experimental challenges, such as low concentration levels of modern vehicles, losses in the diluters, use of photometric mode by the CPCs, and the material impact, are also discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Particle Sizers and Counters with Soot-like, Salt, and Silver Particles

Giechaskiel

Melas

2022

Atmosphere

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“…This observation is based on conditions where adequate temperature and residence time enable the conversion efficiency of the TWC to surpass 90% for all targeted gaseous pollutants, facilitating soot and organic particles oxidation [32]. However, some investigations indicate an increase in PN downstream of the TWC, associating it with the formation of nucleation particles from UHC, CO and lubricating oil residues when the TWC does not present high conversion efficiencies of these species [24]. Furthermore, variations in PSD may result from diverse phenomena, some of which are opposing in nature.…”

Section: Steady-state Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have been focused on study ATS on PN emissions. Ditaso et al [24] investigated the changes in soot PN, mass, and Particle Size Distribution (PSD) throughout the exhaust line of a HD engine powered by CNG. Their investigation revealed that PN varies along the exhaust line, influenced by exhaust properties such as temperature and composition, as well as the presence of ATS devices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Particle Number Emissions in a Retrofitted Heavy Duty-Spark Ignition Engine Powered by LPG

Bermúdez,

Piqueras,

Sanchis

et al. 2024

Preprint

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This study aims to examine the non-volatile Particle Number (PN) emissions of a retrofitted Heavy-Duty Spark-Ignition (HD-SI) engine powered by liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) under both steady-state and transient conditions. The engine was tested under seven steady-state operating points to investigate the PN behavior and Particle Size Distribution (PSD) upstream and down-stream of the Three-Way Catalyst (TWC). This analysis intends to assess the impact of including particles with diameters ranging from 10 nm to 23 nm in the total particle count, a consideration for future regulations. The study employed the World Harmonized Transient Cycle (WHTC) for transient conditions to encompass the same engine working region used in the steady-state analysis. A Dekati FPS-4000 diluted the exhaust sample to measure the PSD and PN for particle diameters between 5.6 nm and 560 nm using the TSI-Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS) 3090. Findings indicate that PN levels tend to increase downstream of the TWC under steady-state conditions in operating points with low exhaust gas temperatures and flows (equal to or less than 500 °C and 120 kg/h). Furthermore, the inclusion of particles with diameters between 10 nm and 23 nm leads to an increase in PN emissions by 17.70% to 40.84% under steady conditions and by an average of 40.06% under transient conditions, compared to measurements that only consider particles larger than 23 nm. Notably, in transient conditions, most PN emissions occur during the final 600 seconds of the cycle, linked to the most intense phase of the WHTC.

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“…These nanoparticles were linked to sulphur-driven nucleation of new particles in cooling dilution of the exhaust [ 252 ]. For all the fuels, non-volatile nanoparticles in sub-10 nm particle sizes were observed during engine braking, and they were most likely formed from lubricant-oil-originated compounds [ 253 ]. With all the fuels, the measured particulate and NOx emissions were significantly higher during the WLTC cycle compared to the NEDC cycle.…”

Section: Mitigation Measures For Road Traffic Pm Emissions and Its Im...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Emissions of Carbonaceous Particulate Matter and Ultrafine Particles from Vehicles—A Scientific Review in a Cross-Cutting Context of Air Pollution and Climate Change

Bessagnet

Allemand²,

Putaud

et al. 2022

Applied Sciences

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Airborne particulate matter (PM) is a pollutant of concern not only because of its adverse effects on human health but also on visibility and the radiative budget of the atmosphere. PM can be considered as a sum of solid/liquid species covering a wide range of particle sizes with diverse chemical composition. Organic aerosols may be emitted (primary organic aerosols, POA), or formed in the atmosphere following reaction of volatile organic compounds (secondary organic aerosols, SOA), but some of these compounds may partition between the gas and aerosol phases depending upon ambient conditions. This review focuses on carbonaceous PM and gaseous precursors emitted by road traffic, including ultrafine particles (UFP) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are clearly linked to the evolution and formation of carbonaceous species. Clearly, the solid fraction of PM has been reduced during the last two decades, with the implementation of after-treatment systems abating approximately 99% of primary solid particle mass concentrations. However, the role of brown carbon and its radiative effect on climate and the generation of ultrafine particles by nucleation of organic vapour during the dilution of the exhaust remain unclear phenomena and will need further investigation. The increasing role of gasoline vehicles on carbonaceous particle emissions and formation is also highlighted, particularly through the chemical and thermodynamic evolution of organic gases and their propensity to produce particles. The remaining carbon-containing particles from brakes, tyres and road wear will still be a problem even in a future of full electrification of the vehicle fleet. Some key conclusions and recommendations are also proposed to support the decision makers in view of the next regulations on vehicle emissions worldwide.

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Evolution of Soot Particle Number, Mass and Size Distribution along the Exhaust Line of a Heavy-Duty Engine Fueled with Compressed Natural Gas

Cited by 24 publications

References 83 publications

Comparison of Particle Sizers and Counters with Soot-like, Salt, and Silver Particles

Comparison of Particle Sizers and Counters with Soot-like, Salt, and Silver Particles

Analysis of Particle Number Emissions in a Retrofitted Heavy Duty-Spark Ignition Engine Powered by LPG

Emissions of Carbonaceous Particulate Matter and Ultrafine Particles from Vehicles—A Scientific Review in a Cross-Cutting Context of Air Pollution and Climate Change

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