“…However, there are now a growing number of studies looking into the innovation systems in China, for example, China's NIS and its transformation over the longer term (Gu et al 2009;Ping 2012), China's SIS (Xi, Lei, and Guisheng 2009), China's RIS (Kroll and Tagscherer 2009;Fu, Diez, and Schiller 2012), linkages between Chinese innovation systems and innovation capabilities at different levels (Yang, Lee, and Lin 2012), and comparative studies between nations (Wu and Fan 2010). These studies have contributed to developing understanding of formal Chinese systems of innovation, and have emphasised knowledge-push innovation activities.…”