Evolution of the intercontinental disjunctions in six continents in the Ampelopsis clade of the grape family (Vitaceae)

Abstract

BackgroundThe Ampelopsis clade (Ampelopsis and its close allies) of the grape family Vitaceae contains ca. 43 species disjunctly distributed in Asia, Europe, North America, South America, Africa, and Australia, and is a rare example to study both the Northern and the Southern Hemisphere intercontinental disjunctions. We reconstruct the temporal and spatial diversification of the Ampelopsis clade to explore the evolutionary processes that have resulted in their intercontinental disjunctions in six continents.ResultsThe Bayesian molecular clock dating and the likelihood ancestral area analyses suggest that the Ampelopsis clade most likely originated in North America with its crown group dated at 41.2 Ma (95% HPD 23.4 - 61.0 Ma) in the middle Eocene. Two independent Laurasian migrations into Eurasia are inferred to have occurred in the early Miocene via the North Atlantic land bridges. The ancestor of the Southern Hemisphere lineage migrated from North America to South America in the early Oligocene. The Gondwanan-like pattern of intercontinental disjunction is best explained by two long-distance dispersals: once from South America to Africa estimated at 30.5 Ma (95% HPD 16.9 - 45.9 Ma), and the other from South America to Australia dated to 19.2 Ma (95% HPD 6.7 - 22.3 Ma).ConclusionsThe global disjunctions in the Ampelopsis clade are best explained by a diversification model of North American origin, two Laurasian migrations, one migration into South America, and two post-Gondwanan long-distance dispersals. These findings highlight the importance of both vicariance and long distance dispersal in shaping intercontinental disjunctions of flowering plants.

Integrated Fossil and Molecular Data Reveal the Biogeographic Diversification of the Eastern Asian-Eastern North American Disjunct Hickory Genus (Carya Nutt.)

“…The BLB was used mostly by temperate taxa during the late Miocene and Pliocene (<10 Ma [4,8,14]). The divergence time of the two Carya clades indicates that Carya likely migrated from North America to Europe via the NALB like other thermophilic groups, such as Ampelopsis (Vitaceae) [69], Cercis (Fabaceae) [70], Cornus (Cornaceae) [35], Malpighiaceae [71], and Quercus (Fagaceae) [72]. The distribution pattern of Carya fossils also supports this inference.…”

A phylogenetic analysis of the grape genus (Vitis L.) reveals broad reticulation and concurrent diversification during neogene and quaternary climate change

“…2 one chloroplast gene, 11 diverse Angiosperms; 3 4226 nt (2794 cpDNA + 1432 nDNA); 4 3583 nt (2701 cpDNA + 882 nDNA); 5 estimates from analyses that either constrained the stem (first number) or the crown of subgenus Vitis ; 6 5471 nt cpDNA; 7 11,440 nt, 27 nuclear gene fragments; 8 dash: information is not applicable; 9 Wikström et al [56] used a 3-gene data set, rate smoothing, and a single calibration point to estimate the stem age of Vitaceae at 78 - 92 Ma from which the prior distribution was derived; 10 estimate from Magallón and Castillo [57] because Liu et al [35] agree with arguments made by Nie et al [58] that the previous Vitaceae stem age estimate [56] was inaccurate; 11 stem age of the Vitis-Ampelocissus clade, located in the Paleocene to which the oldest reliable Vitaceae fossils date, including Ampelopsis, Ampelocissus and Vitis [35]; 12 prior based on estimates by Nie et al [35]; 13 minimum age constraint based on fossil seeds described by Gong et al [59]; 14 based on fossil relatives of V. labrusca described by Gong et al [59]. …”

Synopsis of Nekemias Raf., a segregate genus from Ampelopsis Michx. (Vitaceae) disjunct between eastern/southeastern Asia and eastern North America, with ten new combinations

“…(Vitaceae) is one of the 15 recognized genera in Vitaceae with about 25 species (Suessenguth 1953; Chen et al 2007; Wen 2007; Wen et al 2013a). The genus was shown to be paraphyletic by recent phylogenetic analyses based on plastid (Soejima and Wen 2006; Ren et al 2011; Nie et al 2012) and nuclear GAI1 (Wen et al 2007) analyses. The plastid data (Soejima and Wen 2006; Ren et al 2011; Nie et al 2012) supported that the African Rhoicissus and the South American Cissus striata complex formed a clade with the simple or palmately leaved Ampelopsis (sect.…”

“…The genus was shown to be paraphyletic by recent phylogenetic analyses based on plastid (Soejima and Wen 2006; Ren et al 2011; Nie et al 2012) and nuclear GAI1 (Wen et al 2007) analyses. The plastid data (Soejima and Wen 2006; Ren et al 2011; Nie et al 2012) supported that the African Rhoicissus and the South American Cissus striata complex formed a clade with the simple or palmately leaved Ampelopsis (sect. Ampelopsis ), while the nuclear data (Wen et al 2007) suggested that they were more closely related to the pinnately leaved Ampelopsis (sect.…”