“…The peak at 531.4 eV can be attributed to contributions from the surface hydroxyl groups [19], Al2O3 from FAS [51][52][53], and/or carbon dopants [17]. In particular, the peak centered at 530.5 eV, between the TiO2 (529.4 eV) and Al2O3 (531.4 eV) peaks, can be attributed to the formation of Al-O-Ti bonds [53][54][55], confirming the results of the ATR-FTIR measurements. Based on the above analyses, we can conclude that the electronic environments of Ti, C cations and O anions were significantly affected by the coupling between C-TiO2 and FAS and the subsequent formation of Si-O-C and Al-O-Ti bonds.…”