Evolutionary biogeography of Cnesterodontini (Teleostei: Poeciliidae): area relationships and priority ranking for conservation

Hidden diversity and evolutionary diversification in Phalloceros harpagos Lucinda (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae)

“…The separation of these hydrological slopes supports the hypothesis that P. harpagos obtained from the coastal regions (including the Paraíba do Sul River basin, i.e. phylogroups 1 and 14) are a different species than that found in the Paraná River basin, as a result of vicariance speciation (Frota et al, 2023;Ingenito & Buckup, 2007). This phylogeographic pattern could be the result of vicariance events caused by the geological evolution of high mountain ranges, which act as efficient biogeographic barriers for fish found between coastal and continental drainage basins, allowing for vicariance events, with species and lineages being isolated on both slopes (Buckup, 2011;Frota et al, 2023;Ingenito & Buckup, 2007).…”

“…Similar influences of dispersal events as well as the recent distribution of species and lineages may explain the presence of specimens (in the same phylogroup) from the Paraná, Ribeira de Iguape, Iguaçu, and central coastal basins in the state of Paraná. The distribution of haplotypes in this region, with river basins isolated by very old uplifts, shows that geological activities near the headwater streams of the Ponta Grossa Arch have occurred in relatively recent times (Franco‐Magalhães et al, 2010) and have led to the dispersion of species and lineages (Frota et al, 2019, 2020, 2023; Morais‐Silva et al, 2018; Ribeiro, 2006).…”

“…Indeed, hydrographic basins on the outskirts of the Ponta Grossa Arch were formed by the uplift of the crystalline basement in the southeastern region of the Paraná basin (Petri & Fulvaro, 1983). This geological structure has fault systems and deep fractures (Raposo, 1995), and its activation during the Cenozoic period (Almeida & Carneiro, 1998) most likely resulted in the exchange of fauna between adjacent drainage systems (Frota et al, 2019(Frota et al, , 2020(Frota et al, , 2023Morais-Silva et al, 2018;Ribeiro, 2006).…”

“…This phylogeographic pattern could be the result of vicariance events caused by the geological evolution of high mountain ranges, which act as efficient biogeographic barriers for fish found between coastal and continental drainage basins, allowing for vicariance events, with species and lineages being isolated on both slopes (Buckup, 2011; Frota et al, 2023; Ingenito & Buckup, 2007). However, more recent tectonic reactivation dispersal events, such as headwater captures between the central coastal drainages and the upper Paraná River (Ribeiro, 2006), may mask the suppressed vicariance pattern and connect populations undergoing speciation with few or no morphological differences (Frota et al, 2023; Souto‐Santos, Jennings, & Buckup, 2023).…”