Evolutionary Genetics and Genetic Variation of Haplodiploids and X-Linked Genes

Hedrick, Philip W.; Parker, Joel D.

doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.55

Cited by 131 publications

(155 citation statements)

References 171 publications

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“…As many hymenopterans exhibit CSD (Cook and Crozier, 1995), they are expected to have even lower effective population sizes than previously predicted due to haplodiploidy alone. Hymenopteran species usually exhibit lower levels of genetic variation, when compared to diploid insects (reviewed by Packer and Owen, 2001) even when the confounding effects of haplodiploidy and social behavior are removed (Hedrick and Parker, 1997;Packer and Owen, 2001), consistent with the present analysis. Surprisingly low empirical estimates of N e (5100) for natural hymenopteran populations (Zayed and Packer, 2001;Antolin et al, 2003;Zayed et al, 2004) also lend support to the view that hymenopterans with CSD have lower N e than previously expected.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

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Effective population size in Hymenoptera with complementary sex determination

Zayed

2004

Heredity

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Complementary sex determination in the haplodiploid Hymenoptera leads to the production of inviable or effectively sterile diploid males when diploid progeny are homozygous at the sex-determining locus. The production of diploid males reduces the number of females in a population and biases the effective breeding sex ratio in favor of haploid males. This in turn will reduce the effective population size (N e ) of hymenopteran populations with complementary sex determination relative to the expected reductions due to haplodiploidy alone. The effects of diploid male production on N e in hymenopterans with complementary sex determination when diploid males are either inviable or effectively sterile are assessed theoretically. In both models, low allelic diversity at the sex locus reduces the N e of hymenopteran populations, and this effect is largest when diploid males are effectively sterile.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…The difference between equations (1) and (2) arises due to the lower number of gene copies in haplodiploids, as males are hemizygous at all loci (Hedrick and Parker, 1997). Given equal numbers of breeding males and females, N e.hd ¼ 0.75N e.d (Crozier, 1976;Hedrick and Parker, 1997).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective population size in Hymenoptera with complementary sex determination

Zayed

2004

Heredity

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“…Hence only organisms with separate sexes, as defined by the relative size of their gametes, have sex chromosomes. However, there are alternative mechanisms such as environmental sex determination (for example, Sarre et al, 2004) or haplodiploidy, in which one sex is haploid and the other diploid (for example, Hedrick and Parker, 1997). There are also many species with genetic sex determination but with unidentified sex chromosomes (Ezaz et al, 2006;Mank et al, 2006a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Speciation through evolution of sex-linked genes

2008

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Identification of genes involved in reproductive isolation opens novel ways to investigate links between stages of the speciation process. Are the genes coding for ecological adaptations and sexual isolation the same that eventually lead to hybrid sterility and inviability? We review the role of sex-linked genes at different stages of speciation based on four main differences between sex chromosomes and autosomes; (1) relative speed of evolution, (2) non-random accumulation of genes, (3) exposure of incompatible recessive genes in hybrids and (4) recombination rate. At early stages of population divergence ecological differences appear mainly determined by autosomal genes, but fastevolving sex-linked genes are likely to play an important role for the evolution of sexual isolation by coding for traits with sex-specific fitness effects (for example, primary and secondary sexual traits). Empirical evidence supports this expectation but mainly in female-heterogametic taxa. By contrast, there is clear evidence for both strong X-and Z-linkage of hybrid sterility and inviability at later stages of speciation. Hence genes coding for sexual isolation traits are more likely to eventually cause hybrid sterility when they are sex-linked. We conclude that the link between sexual isolation and evolution of hybrid sterility is more intuitive in male-heterogametic taxa because recessive sexually antagonistic genes are expected to quickly accumulate on the X-chromosome. However, the broader range of sexual traits that are expected to accumulate on the Z-chromosome may facilitate adaptive speciation in female-heterogametic species by allowing male signals and female preferences to remain in linkage disequilibrium despite periods of gene flow.

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“…Skew in the operational sex ratio can occur when males experience unequal mating success owing to sexual selection, or when X chromosome meiotic drive leads to female-biased population sex ratios. Female-biased sex ratios reduce N e of males relative to females and thus reduce the apparent difference in N e between X-linked and autosomal loci (Hedrick & Parker, 1997). Thus, the equilibrating effects of male-based meiotic drive on the N e of X and autosomes would act counter to the decrease in neutral variability expected owing to hitchhiking with X-linked driving genes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microsatellite variation among divergent populations of stalk-eyed flies, genus Cyrtodiopsis

et al. 2004

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SummaryMicrosatellite primers are often developed in one species and used to assess neutral variability in related species. Such analyses may be confounded by ascertainment bias (i.e. a decline in amplification success and allelic variability with increasing genetic distance from the source of the microsatellites). In addition, other factors, such as the size of the microsatellite, whether it consists of perfect or interrupted tandem repeats, and whether it is autosomal or X-linked, can affect variation. To test the relative importance of these factors on microsatellite variation, we examine patterns of amplification and allelic diversity in 52 microsatellite loci amplified from five individuals in each of six populations of Cyrtodiopsis stalk-eyed flies that range from 2 . 2 % to 11 . 2% mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence from the population used for microsatellite development. We find that amplification success and most measures of allelic diversity declined with genetic distance from the source population, in some cases an order of magnitude faster than in birds or mammals. The median and range of the repeat array length did not decline with genetic distance. In addition, for loci on the X chromosome, we find evidence of lower observed heterozygosity compared with loci on autosomes. The differences in variability between X-linked and autosomal loci are not adequately explained by differences in effective population sizes of the chromosomes. We suggest, instead, that periodic selection events associated with X-chromosome meiotic drive, which is present in many of these populations, reduces X-linked variation.

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Evolutionary Genetics and Genetic Variation of Haplodiploids and X-Linked Genes

Cited by 131 publications

References 171 publications

Effective population size in Hymenoptera with complementary sex determination

Effective population size in Hymenoptera with complementary sex determination

Speciation through evolution of sex-linked genes

Microsatellite variation among divergent populations of stalk-eyed flies, genus Cyrtodiopsis

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