Evolutionary relationships and implications for the regulation of phospholipase A2 from snake venom to human secreted forms

Davidson, Florence F.; Dennis, Edward A.

doi:10.1007/bf02109500

Cited by 324 publications

(198 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…5 and 6), one containing the marine (Aipysurus, Astrotia, Enhydrina, Hydrophis, and Laticauda) and terrestrial Australian (Acanthophis, Notechis, Oxyuranus, Pseudechis, and Pseudonaja) species, and the other containing the African and Asian species (Aspidelaps, Boulengerina, Bungarus, Hemachatus, Maticora, and Naja). This result is similar to the results of earlier phylogenetic studies of PLA 2 s (Dufton and Hider, 1983;Tamiya, 1985;Davidson and Dennis, 1990;Kostetsky et al, 1991) and corresponds largely to McDowell's (1970) cept Laticauda] elapids) and palatine erectors (all terrestrial African, Asian, and American elapids, Laticauda, and Parapistocalamus), respectively. A major difference between our study and McDowell's is our association of Laticauda with the terrestrial Australian and marine elapids.…”

Section: Figsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Davidson and Dennis (1990) considered the evolution of PLA 2 s in snakes and mammals and hypothesized that a duplication event preceding the divergence of reptiles and mammals gave rise to Types I and II PLA 2 s (Heinrikson et al, 1977), which differ in the configuration of disulfide bridges. In mammals, Type I PLA 2 s are secreted in the pancreas, whereas Type II PLA 2 s are strictly intracellular.…”

Section: Elapid Venom Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have previously considered elapid PLA 2 s (e.g., Dufton and Hider, 1983;Tamiya, 1985;Davidson and Dennis, 1990;Kostetsky et al, 1991) and NXSs (e.g., Tamiya, 1985) in a phylogenetic context, but these studies examined only a subset of the taxa now available.…”

Section: Elapid Venom Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inferring Species Trees from Gene Trees: A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Elapidae (Serpentes) Based on the Amino Acid Sequences of Venom Proteins

Slowinski

Knight

Rooney

1997

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

124

103

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Toward the goal of recovering the phylogenetic relationships among elapid snakes, we separately found the shortest trees from the amino acid sequences for the venom proteins phospholipase A 2 and the short neurotoxin, collectively representing 32 species in 16 genera. We then applied a method we term gene tree parsimony for inferring species trees from gene trees that works by finding the species tree which minimizes the number of deep coalescences or gene duplications plus unsampled sequences necessary to fit each gene tree to the species tree. This procedure, which is both logical and generally applicable, avoids many of the problems of previous approaches for inferring species trees from gene trees. The results support a division of the elapids examined into sister groups of the Australian and marine (laticaudines and hydrophiines) species, and the African and Asian species. Within the former clade, the sea snakes are shown to be diphyletic, with the laticaudines and hydrophiines having separate origins. This finding is corroborated by previous studies, which provide support for the usefulness of gene tree parsimony.

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Section: Figsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Elapid Venom Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inferring Species Trees from Gene Trees: A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Elapidae (Serpentes) Based on the Amino Acid Sequences of Venom Proteins

Slowinski

Knight

Rooney

1997

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

124

103

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“…Gly$! and Asp%* have been found to be essential for the enzymic activity and are highly conserved in all sPLA # s [16,25,[27][28][29]. This motif is present in the EF molecule as well [9].…”

Section: Ef Does Not Bind Heparin Via C-terminal Cationic Residuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing activity and phospholipase A2 activity: two independent activities present in the enhancing factor molecule

Kadam

Mulherkar

1999

Biochemical Journal

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Enhancing factor (EF), a molecule that increases the binding of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to A431 cells, was first isolated in our laboratory from mouse intestines, and subsequently shown to be a secretory form of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) [Mulherkar, Rao, Wagle, Patki and Deo (1993) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 195, 1254-1263]. We had proposed earlier that EF increases the binding of EGF by first binding to its own cell-surface receptor [identified as a 100 kDa molecule; Mulherkar and Deo (1986) J. Cell. Physiol. 127, 183-188], and then by creating a binding site for EGF. However, due to its PLA2 activity, there was a possibility that EF, by its phospholipase activity could be unmasking cryptic EGF receptors on the cell surface, thereby increasing the number of binding sites for EGF. To test whether enhancing activity and phospholipase activity are independent of each other, a series of mutations were created using the full-length EF cDNA as a template, expressed in 293 cells and the mutant recombinant proteins checked for EF as well as PLA2 activities. Our studies have shown that one of the mutant EF proteins, lacking PLA2 activity, retains EF activity. This demonstrates unambiguously that EF and PLA2 activities are two independent activities in the same molecule. Mutation in the Ca2+-binding loop resulted in loss of EF activity, thereby demonstrating that EF activity is Ca2+-dependent. The N-terminal region of the EF molecule appears to be crucial for the enhancing activity.

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“…One branch then putatively led to bee and lizard forms with 4 and 5 disulfide bonds and another after experiencing additional duplication event within the reptiles led to type I and II PLA2s with 7 and 6 disulfide bonds respectively (Gomez et al, 1989). Though it might be that Heloderma PLA2 type III evolved from ancestral reptilian PLA2 of uncertain type, the striking similarity between PLA2 from Heloderma venom and arthropodian venom type III PLA2s all of which form monophyletic clade (Ghomashchi et al, 1998;Hariprasad et al, 2009) and the wide-range study showing that at least two PLA2 genes existed in the vertebrate line before divergence of reptiles and mammals (Davidson and Dennis, 1990) point towards the model of PLA2 type III evolution proposed by Gomez.…”

Section: Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 85%

An investigation of the evolution of the anguimorph lizard venom system

Koludarov¹

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Over the course of the last two decades significant advances were made in our understanding of the evolution of venom in squamate reptiles. Several studies looked at nuclear genes from various lizards and snakes and confirmed the hypothesis put forth in E. Kochva's article "Phylogeny of the oral glands in reptiles as related to the origin and evolution of snakes" -that anguimorph lizards form part of a monophyletic clade with all the snakes. This confirmation confounded decades of morphology based taxonomy, as did evidence of the inclusion of the Iguania lizard lineage into that group. The new group received the name Toxicofera, emphasizing the role of oral toxins in the evolution of the lineage. Despite being supported by genetic, anatomical and proteomic data, the Toxicofera hypothesis remains controversial. This strengthens the necessity for thorough investigation of toxicoferan reptile venom evolution. The oral secretions of anguimorph lizards demand particular attention not only because they are understudied, but also for the reason that Anguimorpha contains species with the considerable morphological diversity of venom glands -from incipient to advanced and almost snake-like.Therefore the primary goal of this thesis is to address the lack of knowledge on anguimorph lizard oral secretions, in particular that of varanoid lizards which include various monitor species (genus Varanus) as well as Heloderma (gila monster) and Lanthanotus (Borneo earless monitor). This has been achieved through the implementation of several proteomic techniques (in particular, gel electrophoresis) as well as transcriptomic analysis and bioactivity testings.Chapter One reviews all previously published information on anguimorph venom evolution, highlighting the data in support of the Toxicofera hypothesis. Chapter Two presents new data on Heloderma lizard venoms and the striking similarities between the venom profiles of specimens from different localities as well as between species. The data presented and discussed in Chapter Three represents the core finding of this study: the surprising complexity and diversity of varanid lizard oral secretions.Taken together, this study present a compelling argument in favour of functional diversity and differential complexity of the venom of anguimorph lizards and discusses the evolutionary forces that helped generate this diversity.

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Evolutionary relationships and implications for the regulation of phospholipase A2 from snake venom to human secreted forms

Cited by 324 publications

References 36 publications

Inferring Species Trees from Gene Trees: A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Elapidae (Serpentes) Based on the Amino Acid Sequences of Venom Proteins

Inferring Species Trees from Gene Trees: A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Elapidae (Serpentes) Based on the Amino Acid Sequences of Venom Proteins

Enhancing activity and phospholipase A2 activity: two independent activities present in the enhancing factor molecule

An investigation of the evolution of the anguimorph lizard venom system

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