Evolving research directions in Surface Ocean - Lower Atmosphere (SOLAS) science

Law, Cliff S.; Breviere, Emilie; Leeuw, G. de; Garçon, Véronique; Guieu, Cécile; Kieber, David J.; Kontradowitz, Stefan; Paulmier, Aurélien; Quinn, Patricia K.; Saltzman, E. S.; Stefels, Jacqueline; Glasow, R. von

doi:10.1071/en12159

Cited by 41 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 119 publications

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“…A number of research directions have been recommended, such as specific studies to understand the role of the microlayer, to establish the partitioning between organic and inorganic forms of atmospheric nutrients and their link with bioavailability, to consider the balance between scavenging/dissolution taking into account the dynamics of the particles while they settle through the water column (Law et al 2013). Studies considering a wide range of in situ conditions should be conducted in order to understand the competition for the new nutrient resources among planktonic organisms and how the balance between CO 2 fixation and respiration impact the carbon budget.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocean–Atmosphere Interactions of Particles

Leeuw

Guieu

Arneth

et al. 2013

Springer Earth System Sciences

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This chapter provides an overview of the current knowledge on aerosols in the marine atmosphere and the effects of aerosols on climate and on processes in the oceanic surface layer. Aerosol particles in the marine atmosphere originate predominantly from direct production at the sea surface due to the interaction between wind and waves (sea spray aerosol, or SSA) and indirect production by gas to particle conversion. These aerosols are supplemented by aerosols produced over the continents, as well as aerosols emitted by volcanoes and ship traffic, a large part of it being deposited to the ocean surface by dry and wet deposition. The SSA sources, chemical composition and ensuing physical and optical effects, are discussed. An overview is presented of continental sources and their ageing and mixing processes during transport. The current status of our knowledge on effects of marine aerosols on the Earth radiative balance, both direct by their interaction with solar radiation and indirect through their effects on cloud properties, is discussed. The deposition on the ocean surface of some key species, such as nutrients, their bioavailability and how they impact biogeochemical cycles are shown and discussed through different time and space scales approaches.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocean–Atmosphere Interactions of Particles

Leeuw

Guieu

Arneth

et al. 2013

Springer Earth System Sciences

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“…The interactions between atmosphere and ocean play a key role if we are to understand processes governing nutrient cycles in the ocean and to which extent climate change plays a role in this scheme. In this context, the scientific community pays special attention to atmospheric input of nutrients, which can alter community structure and nutrient cycling in the oceans and therefore modify the efficiency of the ocean to store atmospheric CO 2 (Law et al, 2013). Atmospheric deposition is now well recognized as a significant source of Fe and other nutrients for surface waters of the global remote ocean (Duce et al, 1991;Jickells et al, 2005;Moore et al, 2013) as well as of the Mediterranean (e.g., Loye-Pilot et al, 1990;Bergametti et al, 1992;Quétel et al, 1993;Ridame and Guieu, 2002;Bonnet and Guieu, 2006, Guieu et al, 2010a, Markaki et al, 2010).…”

Section: Context and Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introduction to project DUNE, a DUst experiment in a low Nutrient, low chlorophyll Ecosystem

et al. 2014

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International audienceThe main goal of project DUNE was to estimate the impact of atmospheric deposition on an oligotrophic ecosystem based on mesocosm experiments simulating strong atmospheric inputs of eolian mineral dust. Our mesocosm experiments aimed at being representative of real atmospheric deposition events onto the surface of oligotrophic marine waters and were an original attempt to consider the vertical dimension after atmospheric deposition at the sea surface. This introductory paper describes the objectives of DUNE and the implementation plan of a series of mesocosm experiments conducted in the Mediterranean Sea in 2008 and 2010 during which either wet or dry and a succession of two wet deposition fluxes of 10 g m^-2 of Saharan dust have been simulated based on the production of dust analogs from erodible soils of a source region. After the presentation of the main biogeochemical initial conditions of the site at the time of each experiment, a general overview of the papers published in this special issue is presented. From laboratory results on the solubility of trace elements in dust to biogeochemical results from the mesocosm experiments and associated modeling, these papers describe how the strong simulated dust deposition events impacted the marine biogeochemistry. Those multidisciplinary results are bringing new insights into the role of atmospheric deposition on oligotrophic ecosystems and its impact on the carbon budget. The dissolved trace metals with crustal origin - Mn, Al and Fe - showed different behaviors as a function of time after the seeding. The increase in dissolved Mn and Al concentrations was attributed to dissolution processes. The observed decrease in dissolved Fe was due to scavenging on sinking dust particles and aggregates. When a second dust seeding followed, a dissolution of Fe from the dust particles was then observed due to the excess Fe binding ligand concentrations present at that time. Calcium nitrate and sulfate were formed in the dust analog for wet deposition following evapocondensation with acids for simulating cloud processing by polluted air masses under anthropogenic influence. Using a number of particulate tracers that were followed in the water column and in the sediment traps, it was shown that the dust composition evolves after seeding by total dissolution of these salts. This provided a large source of new dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in the surface waters. In spite of this dissolution, the typical inter-elemental ratios in the particulate matter, such as Ti / Al or Ba / Al, are not affected during the dust settling, confirming their values as proxies of lithogenic fluxes or of productivity in sediment traps. DUNE experiments have clearly shown the potential for Saharan wet deposition to modify the in situ concentrations of dissolved elements of biogeochemical interest such as Fe and also P and N. Indeed, wet deposition yielded a transient increase in dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) followed by a very rapid return to initial condition...

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“…The OMZs represent a net nitrogen loss to the atmosphere in the form of N 2 O (particularly the SEP OMZ; Farías et al, 2007;Arévalo-Martínez et al, 2015) in addition with other toxic or climatically active gases, such as H 2 S and CH 4 , respectively, in extremely low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations (Libes, 1992;Law et al, 2013). They might even limit the ocean carbon sequestration and act as CO 2 sources for the atmosphere (Paulmier et al, 2008(Paulmier et al, , 2011.…”

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confidence: 99%

Seasonal variability of the oxygen minimum zone off Peru in a high-resolution regional coupled model

et al. 2016

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Abstract. In addition to being one of the most productive upwelling systems, the oceanic region off Peru is embedded in one of the most extensive oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) of the world ocean. The dynamics of the OMZ off Peru remain uncertain, partly due to the scarcity of data and to the ubiquitous role of mesoscale activity on the circulation and biogeochemistry. Here we use a high-resolution coupled physical/biogeochemical model simulation to investigate the seasonal variability of the OMZ off Peru. The focus is on characterizing the seasonal cycle in dissolved O 2 (DO) eddy flux at the OMZ boundaries, including the coastal domain, viewed here as the eastern boundary of the OMZ, considering that the mean DO eddy flux in these zones has a significant contribution to the total DO flux. The results indicate that the seasonal variations of the OMZ can be interpreted as resulting from the seasonal modulation of the mesoscale activity. Along the coast, despite the increased seasonal low DO water upwelling, the DO peaks homogeneously over the water column and within the Peru Undercurrent (PUC) in austral winter, which results from mixing associated with the increase in both the intraseasonal wind variability and baroclinic instability of the PUC. The coastal ocean acts therefore as a source of DO in austral winter for the OMZ core, through eddy-induced offshore transport that is also shown to peak in austral winter. In the open ocean, the OMZ can be divided vertically into two zones: an upper zone above 400 m, where the mean DO eddy flux is larger on average than the mean seasonal DO flux and varies seasonally, and a lower part, where the mean seasonal DO flux exhibits verticalzonal propagating features that share similar characteristics than those of the energy flux associated with the annual extratropical Rossby waves. At the OMZ meridional boundaries where the mean DO eddy flux is large, the DO eddy flux has also a marked seasonal cycle that peaks in austral winter (spring) at the northern (southern) boundary. In the model, the amplitude of the seasonal cycle is 70 % larger at the southern boundary than at the northern boundary. Our results suggest the existence of distinct seasonal regimes for the ventilation of the OMZ by eddies at its boundaries. Implications for understanding the OMZ variability at longer timescales are discussed.

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Evolving research directions in Surface Ocean - Lower Atmosphere (SOLAS) science

Cited by 41 publications

References 119 publications

Ocean–Atmosphere Interactions of Particles

Ocean–Atmosphere Interactions of Particles

Introduction to project DUNE, a DUst experiment in a low Nutrient, low chlorophyll Ecosystem

Seasonal variability of the oxygen minimum zone off Peru in a high-resolution regional coupled model

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