Environmental context. Understanding the exchange of energy, gases and particles at the ocean-atmosphere interface is critical for the development of robust predictions of, and response to, future climate change. The international Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) coordinates multi-disciplinary oceanatmosphere research projects that quantify and characterise this exchange. This article details five new SOLAS research strategies -upwellings and associated oxygen minimum zones, sea ice, marine aerosols, atmospheric nutrient supply and ship emissions -that aim to improve knowledge in these critical areas.Abstract. This review focuses on critical issues in ocean-atmosphere exchange that will be addressed by new research strategies developed by the international Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) research community. Eastern boundary upwelling systems are important sites for CO 2 and trace gas emission to the atmosphere, and the proposed research will examine how heterotrophic processes in the underlying oxygen-deficient waters interact with the climate system. The second regional research focus will examine the role of sea-ice biogeochemistry and its interaction with atmospheric chemistry. Marine aerosols are the focus of a research theme directed at understanding the processes that determine their abundance, chemistry and radiative properties. A further area of aerosol-related research examines atmospheric nutrient deposition in the surface ocean, and how differences in origin, atmospheric processing and composition influence surface ocean biogeochemistry. Ship emissions are an increasing source of aerosols, nutrients and toxins to the atmosphere and ocean surface, and an emerging area of research will examine their effect on ocean biogeochemistry and atmospheric chemistry. The primary role of SOLAS is to coordinate coupled multi-disciplinary research within research strategies that address these issues, to achieve robust representation of critical ocean-atmosphere exchange processes in Earth System models.

The domain of the surface ocean and lower atmosphere is a complex, highly dynamic component of the Earth system. Better understanding of the physics and biogeochemistry of the air-sea interface and the processes that control the exchange of mass and energy across that boundary define the scope of the Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) project. The scientific questions driving SOLAS research, as laid out in the SOLAS Science Plan and Implementation Strategy for the period 2004-2014, are highly challenging, inherently multidisciplinary and broad. During that decade, SOLAS has significantly advanced our knowledge. Discoveries related to the physics of exchange, global trace gas budgets and atmospheric chemistry, the CLAW hypothesis (named after its authors, Charlson, Lovelock, Andreae and Warren), and the influence of nutrients and ocean productivity on important biogeochemical cycles, have substantially changed our views of how the Earth system works and revealed knowledge gaps in our understanding. As such SOLAS has been instrumental in contributing to the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP) mission of identification and assessment of risks posed to society and ecosystems by major changes in the Earth́s biological, chemical and physical cycles and processes during the Anthropocene epoch. SOLAS is a bottom-up organization, whose scientific priorities evolve in response to scientific developments and community needs, which has led to the launch of a new 10-year phase. SOLAS (2015–2025) will focus on five core science themes that will provide a scientific basis for understanding and projecting future environmental change and for developing tools to inform societal decision-making

Climate change influences the ocean's physical and biogeochemical conditions, causing additional pressures on marine environments and ecosystems, now and in the future. Such changes occur in environments that already today suffer under pressures from, for example, eutrophication, pollution, shipping, and more. We demonstrate how to implement climate change into regional marine spatial planning by introducing data of future temperature, salinity, and sea ice cover from regional ocean climate model projections to an existing cumulative impact model. This makes it possible to assess climate change impact in relation to pre‐existing cumulative impact from current human activities. Results indicate that end‐of‐century projected climate change alone is a threat of the same magnitude as the combination of all current pressures to the marine environment. These findings give marine planners and policymakers forewarning on how future climate change may impact marine ecosystems, across space, emission scenarios, and in relation to other pressures.

Les politiques et les pratiques concernant la réduction des risques de catastrophe dépendent largement des spécificités socio-culturelles et des connaissances qu’en ont les individus. Bien que la culture et le savoir soient des facteurs essentiels pour réduire ces risques, ils sont rarement traités ensemble de façon systématique et approfondie, que ce soit dans les études ou les programmes d’actions. Nous soutenons qu’une exploitation plus approfondie des résultats de la recherche sur les systèmes de la culture et de la connaissance est de nature à améliorer considérablement l’efficacité des mesures décidées pour l’atténuation des catastrophes. Cet article aborde comment la culture et la connaissance contribuent à la réduction des risques de catastrophe et en décrit des défis majeurs. Il présente également une approche conceptuelle qui permet de saisir les différents niveaux qualitatifs de la compréhension : les faits, les données, l’information, la connaissance et la sagesse. Tout au long de l’article, nous mobilisons des exemples empruntés au Viet Nam afin d’illustrer des cas courants de pratiques culturelles, économiques et populaires qui prévalent sur les logiques institutionnelles en matière de réduction des risques de catastrophe. Ces pratiques révèlent les éléments qui provoquent la fragmentation du savoir. Orienter les objets de recherche vers des questions de connaissance culturelle et sociale conduirait à mieux saisir les processus structuraux qui favorisent la vulnérabilité face aux catastrophes, ainsi que les processus socio-culturels qui construisent notre compréhension des risques de catastrophe.

Understanding the physical and biogeochemical interactions and feedbacks between the ocean and atmosphere is a vital component of environmental and Earth system research. The ability to predict and respond to future environmental change relies on a detailed understanding of these processes. The Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) is an international research platform that focuses on the study of ocean-atmosphere interactions, for which Future Earth is a sponsor. SOLAS instigated a collaborative initiative process to connect efforts in the natural and social sciences related to these processes, as a contribution to the emerging Future Earth Ocean Knowledge-Action Network (Ocean KAN). This is imperative because many of the recent changes in the Earth system are anthropogenic. An understanding of adaptation and counteracting measures requires an alliance of scientists from both domains to bridge the gap between science and policy. To this end, three SOLAS research areas were targeted for a case study to determine a more effective method of interdisciplinary research: valuing carbon