Evolving views on enteric viral infections of equines: an appraisal of key pathogens

Abstract

Equines, the earliest known mammalian species, have been found highly susceptible to several enteric pathogens including viruses, fungi, parasites and bacteria. This review conserves with the key viral pathogens that affects foals and horses such as rotavirus, adenovirus, coronavirus, parvovirus, picobirnavirus etc. With the advent of next generation sequencing approaches the list of new enteric viruses has expanded. Viruses like Cyclovirus, Kirkovirus and Anellovirus are the new members identified in equines recently. Close proximity of horses to human settlements and/or other domestic animals pretense the threat of infectious diseases spread to humans/animals and vice-versa. Therefore, horse diseases are not only of veterinary importance but also are among important factors for public health. Herein, we intend to appraise current status of key enteric viruses that cause diarrheic disorders in foals and horses.

Tick Borne-Bacterial and Viral Diseases

“…It is preferable to combine cytological assessment, antibody, and PCR testing of ocular fluids in highly suspected cases (Divers et al 2012). Moreover, histopathology is the definitive way for the equine borreliosis diagnosis (Sircar et al 2016). The histopathology lesions of infected horses with leptomeninges include cranial neuritis, lymphohistiocytic leptomeningeal vasculitis, and peripheral radiculoneuritis with Wallerian degeneration, whereas the spirochetes are identified with the help of immunohistochemistry and Steiner silver impregnation (James et al 2010;Imai et al 2011).…”

Enteric Viral Zoonoses: Counteracting Through One Health Approach

“…The common viral agents responsible for causing enteric infections are Rotavirus, Astrovirus, Picobirnavirus, Norovirus, Sapovirus, Hepatitis E virus, Kobuvirus, Parechovirus, etc. (Dhama et al, 2009;Malik et al, 2014a;Dhama et al, 2015;Sircar et al, 2016).…”