Examination of different definitions of snacking frequency and associations with weight status among U.S. adults

Cowan, Alexandra E; Higgins, Kelly; Fisher, Jennifer O.; Tripicchio, Gina L.; Mattes, Richard D.; Zou, Peishan; Bailey, Regan L

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234355

Cited by 22 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…In our study, the simultaneous consumption of meals and snacks using a mobile phone or watching TV was not associated with anthropometric indices and abdominal obesity, which has been found in other studies (11).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…In this study, no signi cant relationship was found between the number of meals and snacks consumed with anthropometric indices, which was expected according to previous studies in this eld (11,12). In some studies, snack consumption, especially high-volume and high-calorie ingredients, has been cited as a reason for increased abdominal obesity (13), while in our study, no relationship was found between the number of snacks consumed and abdominal obesity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

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Association between eating behaviors with anthropometric indices and perceived stress in working women

Moradi

Abiri

Rampisheh

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: In recent decades, the significant increase in the prevalence of obesity, both in developing and developed countries, suggests that obesity is a complex health problem. Environmental factors such as lack of physical activity, excessive TV watching and sedentary lifestyle, consumption of high-calorie foods, and side effects of different drugs, can cause overweight and obesity. Obesity is associated with severe health problems such as diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, asthma, arthritis, and even reduced life expectancy. Obesity also has a profound effect on people's mental health. Methods: After ethics committee approval from the Iran University of Medical Sciences (IR.IUMS.FMD.REC.1399.457), 395 healthy women between 20 to 50 years old entered the study. Questionnaires related to general information and assessment of individuals' status in terms of eating behaviors were completed on women from 20 to 50 years old who worked at the Iran University of Medical Sciences. Anthropometric variables including height, weight, body fat percentage, waist circumference, and hip circumference were measured and body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. Then, a questionnaire related to perceived stress was completed by each participant. The 24-hour food recall questionnaire and the physical activity questionnaire were also conducted. Results: In contrast to other studies, anthropometric indices (weight, height, BMI, waist circumference, and hip circumference) were reported higher in people who ate breakfast than in those who did not. There is no significant relationship between eating behaviors (speed rate, eating breakfast or not eating breakfast, and eating with or without a screen) and perceived stress levels. Anthropometric indices increase with increasing food intake and decreasing physical activity, while there is no relationship between dietary intake and physical activity with perceived stress levels. Conclusion: Dietary behaviors and physical activity affect anthropometric indices, while, perceived stress levels do not affect dietary behaviors or anthropometric indices.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Association between eating behaviors with anthropometric indices and perceived stress in working women

Moradi

Abiri

Rampisheh

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Among the limitations of this study, the absence of a standardised classification of snacks stands out as a difficulty for comparing the findings of studies that evaluate meal habits (Cowan et al, 2020; Johnson & Anderson, 2010). In addition, the lack of a widely applied definition of snacks also undermines the possibility of understanding the role of snacks on health, since depending on the definition of snack adopted, it is possible that different effects are observed for a given outcome (Hess & Slavin, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Snacking habits of Brazilian adolescents: Brazilian National Dietary Survey, 2017–2018

et al. 2022

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This study was aimed at describing the snack consumption among Brazilian adolescents. The Brazilian National Dietary Survey (2017–2018) is a nationwide representative cross‐sectional study that collected food consumption data from 8264 adolescents (10 to 19 years old); data from one 24‐h recall were used, in which all foods and beverages consumed throughout the day prior to the interview were described along with the amount, unit of measurement, time, place and occasion of consumption (breakfast, lunch, dinner or snack). Snacks were classified as follows: (a) Morning snack: “Snacks” consumed between 6 AM and 12 PM; (b) Afternoon snack: “Snacks” consumed between 1 PM and 5 PM; (c) Evening snack: “Snacks” consumed between 6 PM and 5 AM. Individuals were categorised according to the number of “Snacks” per day (zero, one, two or three or more). Among the evaluated adolescents, 52.8% were female and 23.0% were overweight. The consumption of at least one snack per day was mentioned by 88.2% of the adolescents, with an average of 2.33 snacks per day. An afternoon snack was consumed by 70.0% of the adolescents. Snack consumption was related to higher mean daily energy intake and a greater contribution of carbohydrates, added sugar and trans fat to the total daily energy intake. ‘Cookies & Crackers’ and ‘Fast Foods’ were the groups that contributed the most to the energy intake provided by snacks, showing, therefore, that less healthy foods were relevant components of the snacks consumed. For their important contribution to food intake, snacking habits deserve attention among the topics covered in dietary guidelines.

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“…Survey respondents selected the name of all eating occasions from a fixed list that was provided during the interview. According to the NHANES protocol, types of eating occasions consisted of breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper, brunch, snack, drink, and extended consumption (in addition to their Spanish equivalents: desayano , almuerzo , comida , merienda , cena , entre comida , botana , bocadillo , tentempie, bebida ) ( 38 , 39 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency of Eating in the US Population: A Narrative Review of the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Report

Bailey

Leidy

Mattes

et al. 2022

Current Developments in Nutrition

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Background A person's daily nutrient intake and overall nutritional status are determined by a complex interplay of the types and amounts of foods ingested in combination with the timing and frequency of eating. Objectives The aim was to summarize frequency of eating occasion data examined by the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, the macronutrient contributions they provide, and meal frequency relative to dietary quality among the US population (≥2 y), with a focus on sex, age, race/Hispanic origin, and income. Methods Demographic and 24-h recall data from the 2013–2016 NHANES were examined. An eating occasion was defined as “any ingestive event (e.g., solid food, beverage, water) that is either energy yielding or non–energy yielding”; all eating occasions were further divided into discrete meals and snacks. Frequency of meals and snacks was defined as “the number of daily EOs [eating occasions],” respectively. Diet quality was assessed via the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)–2015. Results Most Americans consume 2 (28%) to 3 (64%) meals on a given day and >90% consume 2 to 3 snacks on that day. Adult, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic Black and lower-income (<131% family poverty-to-income ratio) Americans had a lower frequency of eating than children or adolescents, non-Hispanic White, and non-Hispanic Asian Americans and higher-income Americans, respectively. Americans who reported 3 meals on a given day consumed a diet higher in dietary quality than Americans who consumed 2 meals on a given day (HEI-2015: 61% vs. 55%), regardless of population subgroup. Conclusions The frequency of the types of eating occasions differs according to age, race and Hispanic origin, and income. Dietary quality is associated with the number of meals consumed. Healthy dietary patterns can be constructed in a variety of ways to suit different life stages, cultural practices, and income levels; improved diet quality and careful consideration of nutrient density when planning meals are warranted.

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Examination of different definitions of snacking frequency and associations with weight status among U.S. adults

Cited by 22 publications

References 59 publications

Association between eating behaviors with anthropometric indices and perceived stress in working women

Association between eating behaviors with anthropometric indices and perceived stress in working women

Snacking habits of Brazilian adolescents: Brazilian National Dietary Survey, 2017–2018

Frequency of Eating in the US Population: A Narrative Review of the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Report

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