Examining pyrethroids, carbamates and neonicotenoids in fish, water and sediments from the Indus River for potential health risks

Abstract

This 3 × 3 factorial study assessed pyrethroids, carbamates and neonicotenoids groups of pesticides in replicated samples of three fish species from low (S1, reference), medium (S2) and heavy (S3) polluted sites receiving agricultural run-offs around the Indus River. Water and sediment samples from the same sites were also analysed for these pesticides by using high-performance liquid chromatography. Out of nine investigated pesticides, only three pesticides (deltamethrin, carbofuran and cypermethrin) were detected in fish and sediment samples. Deltamethrin in Cyprinus carpio ranged from 0.490 to 0.839 μg/g, mostly exceeding 0.5 μg/g as the maximum residual limit suggested by FAO-WHO, whereas it ranged from 0.214 to 0.318 μg/g in the sampled sediments. The carbofuran concentrations were 0.0425-0.066 and 0.613-0.946 μg/g in Labeo rohita and Channa marulius muscles respectively and 0.069-0.081 μg/g in the corresponding sediment samples. These values were either higher or lower than the maximum limit (0.1 μg/g) as suggested by FAO-WHO. Conversely, the cypermethrin concentration ranged from 0.141 to 0.174 in Ch. marulius and 0.183-0.197 μg/g in sediments which were both below the FAO-WHO maximum limit of 2 μg/g. No pesticide residues were detected in water from these sampling sites. Most selected physicochemical variables were within the acceptable range of World Health Organization for the water quality for aquatic life. The detected pesticide contents were mostly higher in fish muscles from heavily polluted sites. This is worrying because these pesticides may pose health risks for the fish and people of the study area. However, a preliminary risk assessment indicated that the calculated daily intake of detected pesticides by people consuming fish from the Indus River was low and did not present an immediate risk to the fish-consuming people. This study may be used as a benchmark to determine the safety of fish meat in order to develop intervention strategies to maintain the water quality and to protect the health of fish and fish-consuming people.

Acute toxicity and residue analysis of cartap hydrochloride pesticide: Toxicological implications on the fingerlings of fresh water fish Labeo rohita

“…Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinious mrigala (Zheng et al, 2016 (Mwila et al, 2013;O'Brien et al, 2014). The carbofuran residue concentrations were 0.0425-0.066 and 0.613-0.946 μg/g in Labeo rohita and Channa marulius muscles respectively and 0.069-0.081 μg/g in the corresponding sediment samples (Jabeen et al, 2016). The core toxicological effects are exerted by carbamates through irreversible inhibition of AChE (Colovic et al, 2013), for that reason we deliberate to measure the activity of AChE enzyme in brain tissue of the experimental fish.…”

“…The observed AChE activity inhibition of triazophos and triazophos plus carbosulfan mixtures, was synergism. In equivalent concentration mixtures, the combination of malathion plus fenobucarb mixture conformed to synergism, while the observed AChE activity inhibition of the remaining pairings was less than additive (Jabeen et al, 2016). The 20% sub-lethal toxicity of cypermethrin concentration significantly inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity in the experimental fish, Labeo rohita (Rajasekaran et al, 2015).…”

“…Various deleterious effects on aquatic organisms can occur when agricultural, industrial and commercial chemicals discharge into the aquatic environment. Fish are also known to accumulate these pollutants directly from the polluted water and indirectly from the food chain (Jabeen et al, 2016;Chaudhry and Jabeen, 2011). This is particularly true for aquatic environment, where if pesticides are absorbed by the aquatic organisms such as fish, it can cause damage to the fish health and the intake quality of its meat for human beings (Anampiu, 2011).…”

“…Commonly known as Dumbra or Rohu and belongs to major carp family. Indiscriminate use of pesticides leads to build-up of pesticide residues in edible fish population posing an imminent threat to human health (Jabeen et al, 2015). Therefore, data on toxic effect of pesticides on Labeo rohita can assist in toxicological risk measurement caused by pesticides to human beings and to the ecosystem as a whole.…”

Determinação de agrotóxicos na água e sedimentos por HPLC-HRMS e sua relação com o uso e a ocupação do solo

“…Porém, os resultados não foram semelhantes com os encontrados em outros países para os principais agrotóxicos encontrados em águas superficiais e sedimentos. Outros agrotóxicos são os mais prevalentes, como Fluameturon, Endosulfan, Piraclostrobin, Deltrametrina, 39,40,42,44 e em vários vegetais e frutas. [45][46][47] Resíduos de contaminantes provenientes de agrotóxicos também podem ser detectados na atmosfera, solo e em organismos aquáticos, devido à suas propriedades persistentes e lipofílicas.…”