“…OCC is defined as learner-lecturer interaction which occurs outside of the classroom setting with the purpose of handling the students' needs (Imlawi et al, 2015). It includes structured actions like emailing or visiting the lecturer during office hours to seek help; and unstructured actions including informal pre-or post-class conversations (Kurucay andInan, 2017, Sidelinger, 2015). It is this unstructured interaction that is favourably considered to be an effective way Page 2 of 32 Education + Training 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 E d u c a t i o n + T r a i n i n g 3 of promoting social bonding and social learning (Nardi et al, 2000, Pai et al, 2017, which can ultimately lead to positive outcomes for students such as increased student motivation and reduced pressure (Rau et al, 2008, Kommorraju et al, 2010, improved commitment and involvement within the classroom (Dobransky and Frymier, 2004) and increased readiness for the job market (Kommorraju et al, 2010) since informal OCC offers students the chance to clarify concepts and ideas from class activities and readings (Hoffman, 2014;Goldman, Goodboy and Bolkan, 2016).…”