“…Through technological advances in education, such as augmented reality (AR) or virtual reality (VR), can be utilized to increase student engagement, situational interest, and learning performance (Sun et al, 2023). In addition, in the development of online learning design, it is also necessary to pay attention to relevance, content, and resources in achieving learning efficiency (Günüç et al, 2022;Heilporn et al, 2022) Research on digital literacy in education has been carried out a lot, such as analyzing factors that affect digital literacy in learning (Audrin &;Audrin, 2022;Omboto et al, 2022), digital literacy development in higher education (Khan et al, 2022), assessment (Schmidt &;DeSchryver, 2021), and distance education (Gökdaş & Çam, 2022). Research on academic self-efficacy and its implications in academic achievement has also been widely conducted, such as (Al-Abyadh &;Abdel Azeem, 2022;Suryaratri et al, 2022), digital addiction (Parmaksız, 2022) and academic self-efficacy in online learning Consunji, 2022).…”