Excerpts from: Preliminary Report on the Beneficial Effect of Chloromycetin in the Treatment of Typhoid Fever☆

Woodward, Theodore E.; Smadel, Joseph E.; Ley, Herbert L.; Green, Richard; Mankikar, D. S.

doi:10.1580/1080-6032(2004)15[218:protbe]2.0.co;2

Cited by 23 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…2 Chloramphenicol became the standard antibiotic for treating typhoid in 1948. 3 But in 1972, chloramphenicol-resistant typhoid fever became a major problem. 4 Several outbreaks occurred in Mexico, India, Vietnam, Thailand, Korea and Peru.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pattern of Anti-Microbial Sensitivity and Resistance against Salmonella Species in a Tertiary Hospital in Dhaka

et al. 2015

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pattern of Anti-Microbial Sensitivity and Resistance against Salmonella Species in a Tertiary Hospital in Dhaka

et al. 2015

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“…According to the best global estimates, there are at least 16 million new cases of typhoid fever each year, with 600,000 deaths (Ivanoff, 1995). The introduction of chloramphenicol for the treatment of typhoid fever in 1948 transformed a severe, debilitating, and often fatal disease into a readily treatable condition (Woodward et al, 1948). The emergence of resistance to chloramphenicol and other antimicrobial agents has been a major setback (Mirza et al, 1996).…”

Section: Incidence Of Typhoid Fevermentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Typhoid Fever: Burden in Bangladesh

Sattar

Jhora²,

Yusuf

et al. 2013

J Sci Found

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Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by Salmonella typhi or by the related but less virulent Salmonella paratyphi. The provision of clean water and good sewage systems led to a dramatic decrease in the incidence of typhoid in these regions. Early antibiotic therapy has transformed a previously life-threatening illness of several weeks' duration with an overall mortality rate approaching 20.0% into a short-term febrile illness with negligible mortality. Case fatality rates of 10.0-50.0% have been reported from endemic countries when diagnosis is delayed. Attack rates are highest in persons younger than 20 years or older than 70 years; however, the highest rate is found in infants. Neonates are at a greater risk to fecal-oral transmission secondary to relative decreased stomach acidity and buffering of ingested breast milk and formula. Elderly persons are at a relative greater risk to infection secondary to chronic underlying illness and weakened immunity. In endemic areas, children aged 1-5 years are at the highest risk of infection, morbidity, and mortality because of waning of passively acquired maternal antibody and a lack of acquired immunity. In young children, the clinical syndrome is often a nonspecific febrile illness that is not recognized as typhoid fever. Typhoid is usually contracted by ingestion of food or water contaminated by fecal or urinary carriers excreting S. enterica serotype typhi. It is a sporadic disease in developed countries that occurs mainly in returning traveler, with occasional point-source epidemics. In endemic areas, identified risk factors for disease include eating food prepared outside the home, such as ice cream or flavored iced drinks from street vendors, drinking contaminated water, having a close contact or relative with recent typhoid fever, poor housing with inadequate facilities for personal hygiene, and recent use of antimicrobial drugs. The infectious dose of S. enterica serotype typhi in volunteers varies between 1000 and 1 million organisms. Vi-negative strains of S. enterica serotype typhi are less infectious and less virulent than Vi-positive strains. S. enterica serotype typhi must survive the gastric acid barrier to reach the small intestine, and a low gastric pH is an important defense mechanism.

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“…In 1948, Joseph Smadel, Theodore Woodward, Herb Ley, and Charles Wissman of WRAIR noted that a patient given chloramphenicol for scrub typhus had typhoid fever responsive to chloramphenicol [79]. Subsequently, investigators at NAMRU-2 (Jakarta, Indonesia) and NAMRU-3 (Cairo, Egypt) have demonstrated the utility of other antimicrobial agents such as ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and third-generation cephalosporins for typhoid fever [80][81][82][83].…”

Section: Typhoid Vaccine (Oral Live Typhoid Ty21a Vaccine)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of U.S. military research programs in the development of U.S.-licensed vaccines for naturally occurring infectious diseases

Kitchen

Vaughn

2007

Vaccine

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Excerpts from: Preliminary Report on the Beneficial Effect of Chloromycetin in the Treatment of Typhoid Fever☆

Cited by 23 publications

References 6 publications

Pattern of Anti-Microbial Sensitivity and Resistance against Salmonella Species in a Tertiary Hospital in Dhaka

Pattern of Anti-Microbial Sensitivity and Resistance against Salmonella Species in a Tertiary Hospital in Dhaka

Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Typhoid Fever: Burden in Bangladesh

Role of U.S. military research programs in the development of U.S.-licensed vaccines for naturally occurring infectious diseases

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