Excess all-cause mortality and COVID-19 reported fatality in Iran (April 2013–September 2021): age and sex disaggregated time series analysis

Safavi-Naini, Seyed Amir Ahmad; Farsi, Yeganeh; Alali, Walid Q.; Solhpour, Ali; Pourhoseingholi, Mohamad Amin

doi:10.1186/s13104-022-06018-y

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…In addition, androgens, especially testosterone, are considered a possible risk factor [ 66 ]. Populations older than 60 years had higher excess mortality, and several country studies also indicate the same results [ 42 , 45 , 67 , 68 ]. We believe that the senior population has lower physical function and immunity compared to younger people, and they are more susceptible to the neo-crown virus during the pandemic [ 69 , 70 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…After exclusion, 439 studies were eligible for full-text review. The final meta-analysis comprised 20 eligible studies ( Figure 1 ), References [ 15 , 21 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ] of which 79 countries were included in the study ( Table 1 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Global Excess Mortality during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2022

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Background: Currently, reported COVID-19 deaths are inadequate to assess the impact of the pandemic on global excess mortality. All-cause excess mortality is a WHO-recommended index for assessing the death burden of COVID-19. However, the global excess mortality assessed by this index remains unclear. We aimed to assess the global excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science for studies published in English between 1 January 2020, and 21 May 2022. Cross-sectional and cohort studies that reported data about excess mortality during the pandemic were included. Two researchers independently searched the published studies, extracted data, and assessed quality. The Mantel–Haenszel random-effects method was adopted to estimate pooled risk difference (RD) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: A total of 79 countries from twenty studies were included. During the COVID-19 pandemic, of 2,228,109,318 individuals, 17,974,051 all-cause deaths were reported, and 15,498,145 deaths were expected. The pooled global excess mortality was 104.84 (95% CI 85.56–124.13) per 100,000. South America had the highest pooled excess mortality [134.02 (95% CI: 68.24–199.80) per 100,000], while Oceania had the lowest [−32.15 (95% CI: −60.53–−3.77) per 100,000]. Developing countries had higher excess mortality [135.80 (95% CI: 107.83–163.76) per 100,000] than developed countries [68.08 (95% CI: 42.61–93.55) per 100,000]. Lower middle-income countries [133.45 (95% CI: 75.10–191.81) per 100,000] and upper-middle-income countries [149.88 (110.35–189.38) per 100,000] had higher excess mortality than high-income countries [75.54 (95% CI: 53.44–97.64) per 100,000]. Males had higher excess mortality [130.10 (95% CI: 94.15–166.05) per 100,000] than females [102.16 (95% CI: 85.76–118.56) per 100,000]. The population aged ≥ 60 years had the highest excess mortality [781.74 (95% CI: 626.24–937.24) per 100,000]. Conclusions: The pooled global excess mortality was 104.84 deaths per 100,000, and the number of reported all-cause deaths was higher than expected deaths during the global COVID-19 pandemic. In South America, developing and middle-income countries, male populations, and individuals aged ≥ 60 years had a heavier excess mortality burden.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Excess Mortality during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2022

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“…Some studies (30,31) suggest that the actual death toll from COVID-19 in Iran is much higher than the o cially reported gures. This is likely due to a number of factors, including limited testing capacity, lack of access to healthcare, and stigma associated with COVID-19 (32). This study found that there were an estimated 178.86 excess deaths per 100,000 population in Iran during the study period, with a higher increase among males and older adults.…”

Section: Authoritarian Nations With Low Police Intervention Levels (Alp)mentioning

confidence: 73%

Governing COVID-19: The Complex Relationship Between Government Type and Police Enforcement

Bohloli,

Shokri,

Khah

2023

Preprint

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Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the most significant challenges to global health and economic and social aspects. This disease has spread to millions of people and caused hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic not only posed unprecedented and unforeseen challenges to public health systems in the early 21st century but also created a set of challenges for police departments and law enforcement agencies worldwide. Methods: We conducted a scoping review to map the existing literature on the relationship between government type and police enforcement in controlling COVID-19. We searched electronic databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. We included studies that were conducted in countries with different types of governance and published data on their police deployment in controlling COVID-19. We identified 18 countries that met our inclusion criteria. We used a four-quadrant composition model to plot the countries based on their government type and the extent of police deployment. We found a complex relationship among government type, police enforcement, and COVID-19 control. Results: Based on the studies conducted and the literature review on the subject in various parts of the world, the four-zone model (Governance Policing Types - GPT) is proposed in accordance with the type of governance and the extent of police use in controlling COVID-19. This model indicates a clear relationship between the type of government and the extent of police use in controlling epidemiological crises. Research findings suggest that in pandemic emergencies, the type of governance and effective response of the police can keep individuals away from potential risks and ensure public safety and well-being. Conclusion: Governance quality and police involvement are essential in managing pandemics; however, a balanced approach is needed to protect both public health and individual rights. Democratic countries generally have better decision quality, but authoritarian countries can make decisions more quickly. Countries that combined both quality and speed of decision-making achieved exceptional results. More research is needed to understand the long-term effects of different pandemic management strategies.

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“…Mean BMI was 22.9 + 3.71 kg/m 2 , and O, A, B, and AB blood groups were evident in 35.85, 31.7, 22.48, and 10% of students, respectively. Of 180 reported comorbidities, asthma ( 31 ) and thyroid gland disorders ( 26 ) were among the most frequent underlying diseases. All the patient’s demographic information and their history of COVID-19 infection are given in Table 1 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 vaccines breakthrough infection and adverse reactions in medical students: a nationwide survey in Iran

Allahgholipour,

Safavi-Naini,

Shekarriz Foomany

et al. 2024

Front. Public Health

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IntroductionThere are different types of COVID-19 vaccines approved worldwide. Since no national studies focus on vaccine-related adverse reactions and breakthrough cases, this study aimed to investigate the rate of adverse events and COVID-19 infection in medical students in Iran.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study included Iranian medical students who received two doses of COVID-19 vaccines. The medical team gathered the demographic characteristics, comorbidities, type of vaccine, adverse events following vaccination, and history of COVID-19 infection data through a phone interview. The frequency of adverse events and breakthrough infection was stratified by vaccine type (ChAdOx1-S, Gam-COVID-Vac, and BIBP-CorV).ResultsA total of 3,591 medical students enrolled in this study, of which 57.02% were females, with a mean age of 23.31 + 4.87. A PCR-confirmed and suspicious-for-COVID-19 breakthrough infection rate of 4.51 and 7.02% was detected, respectively. There was no significant relation between breakthrough infection and gender, BMI, blood groups, and comorbidities. However, there was a significant difference in breakthrough infection rate among different types of vaccines (p = 0.001) and history of COVID-19 infection (p = 0.001). A total of 16 participants were hospitalized due to COVID-19 infection after vaccination for reasons such as dyspnea, abnormal imaging, or decreased oxygen saturation. No severe infection or death was observed in the studied population.ConclusionVaccination prevented severe COVID-19 infection, although a high breakthrough infection rate was evident among Iranian medical students during the Delta variant’s peak. Vaccine effectiveness may be fragile during emerging new variants and in high-exposure settings. Moreover, adverse events are rare, and the benefits of vaccination outweigh the side effects. However, many limitations challenged this study, and the results should be cautious.

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Excess all-cause mortality and COVID-19 reported fatality in Iran (April 2013–September 2021): age and sex disaggregated time series analysis

Cited by 10 publications

References 40 publications

Global Excess Mortality during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Global Excess Mortality during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Governing COVID-19: The Complex Relationship Between Government Type and Police Enforcement

COVID-19 vaccines breakthrough infection and adverse reactions in medical students: a nationwide survey in Iran

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