Excess Mortality in California by Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Chen, Yea‐Hung; Matthay, Ellicott C.; Chen, Ruijia; DeVost, Michelle A.; Duchowny, Kate; Riley, Alicia R; Bibbins‐Domingo, Kirsten; Glymour, M. Maria

doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2022.06.020

Cited by 19 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Segregated Black communities have higher rates of preterm birth and LBW infants (Mehra et al., 2017). Segregated Black communities have higher rates of all‐cause mortality and cause‐specific mortality from homicide (Knopov et al., 2019), cancer (Pruitt et al., 2015), CVD (Kyalwazi et al., 2022), and COVID‐19 (Chen et al., 2022; Dalsania et al., 2022; Krieger et al., 2020; Pabayo et al., 2022; Pierce et al., 2021; Rogers et al., 2020; Siegel et al., 2022).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, there are significant Black–White disparities in educational achievement that begin early and persist (Paschall et al., 2018). On an individual level, education is associated with adherence to health behaviors that prevent COVID‐19, including social distancing (Zhao et al., 2020), intentions to be vaccinated (Khubchandani et al., 2021; Szilagyi et al., 2021), and rates of death from COVID‐19 (Chen et al., 2022). On a community level, the combination of racial segregation and low levels of education is negatively associated with vaccination rates among community members (Rich et al., 2022).…”

Section: Cultural and Institutional Racismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Short‐term housing interventions have also been associated with health benefits specific to COVID‐19. For example, a recent review found that eviction moratoriums, an emergency strategy to prevent housing insecurity, were associated with significantly reduced risk of and COVID‐19 mortality (Chen et al., 2022). Another study compared COVID‐19 incidence and mortality in states after the expiration of eviction moratoriums and found that there was a twofold increase in risk for COVID‐19 and a fivefold increase in COVID‐19 mortality 16‐weeks after the moratoriums expired (Leifheit et al., 2021).…”

Section: Cultural and Institutional Racismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, although the data are still limited, several recent reviews suggest that there are limitations to the effectiveness of housing assistance programs in improving health (Chen et al., 2022; Jacob et al., 2015; Slopen et al., 2018). Some limitations may be a function of difficulties in implementing and accessing these interventions.…”

Section: Cultural and Institutional Racismmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structural racism and health in the age of COVID‐19: A selective review with policy implications

Brondolo

Kaur

Flores

2023

Social Issues Policy Review

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Structural racism encompasses the effects of racial bias across all systems of society. A growing body of data indicates that structural racism contributes to racial inequities in health across the lifespan. Investigators have documented associations of different dimensions of structural racism, including cultural and institutional discrimination, to health. To clarify and integrate the scope of these data, we examine a broad array of manifestations of both cultural and institutional racism and review their associations to specific health effects outcomes. We examine effects on COVID-19 prevalence and mortality, but also investigate data on birth outcomes and premature mortality to gain insight into health effects at each end of the lifespan. Given the pervasive and well-documented history of racism facing Black Americans, we focus this review on the effects of structural racism on the health of Black populations in the United States. To examine the association of cultural discrimination to health, we review studies of prejudicial communications assessed with measures of area-level prejudice, leader communications of prejudice, and reactions to race-related cultural events. To examine the association of institutional discrimination to health, we examine laws and institutional policies that discriminated against Black Americans and shaped social and physical environments characterized by residential racial segregation and disadvantage, occupational segregation, and restricted voting rights, among other manifestations of inequity. As we document, research has demonstrated associations of cultural racism to birth outcomes and mortality, data are lacking on direct relations to COVID-19 mortality. Institutional discrimination has

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cultural and Institutional Racismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cultural and Institutional Racismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cultural and Institutional Racismmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Structural racism and health in the age of COVID‐19: A selective review with policy implications

Brondolo

Kaur

Flores

2023

Social Issues Policy Review

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“…The exponential smoothing technique is widely used for forecasting, and it is one of the most popular forecasting methods for short-term periods [ 47 , 48 , 49 ]. ARIMA models have also been used by several authors to estimate excess mortality [ 50 , 51 , 52 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

No Excess of Mortality from Lung Cancer during the COVID-19 Pandemic in an Area at Environmental Risk: Results of an Explorative Analysis

Addabbo

Giotta

Mincuzzi

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic and the restrictive measures associated with it placed enormous pressure on health facilities and may have caused delays in the treatment of other diseases, leading to increases in mortality compared to the expected rates. Areas with high levels of air pollution already have a high risk of death from cancer, so we aimed to evaluate the possible indirect effects of the pandemic on mortality from lung cancer compared to the pre-pandemic period in the province of Taranto, a polluted site of national interest for environmental risk in the south of Italy. Methods: We carried out a retrospective observational study on lung cancer data (ICD-10: C34) from the Registry of Mortality (ReMo) for municipalities in Taranto Province over the period of 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2021. Seasonal exponential smoothing, Holt–Winters additive, Holt–Winters multiplicative, and auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models were used to forecast the number of deaths during the pandemic period. Data were standardized by sex and age via an indirect method and shown as monthly mortality rates (MRs), standardized mortality ratios (SMRs), and adjusted mortality rates (AMRs). Results: In Taranto Province, 3108 deaths from lung cancer were recorded between 2011 and 2021. In the province of Taranto, almost all of the adjusted monthly mortality rates during the pandemic were within the confidence interval of the predicted rates, with the exception of significant excesses in March (+1.82, 95% CI 0.11–3.08) and August 2020 (+2.09, 95% CI 0.20–3.44). In the municipality of Taranto, the only significant excess rate was in August 2020 (+3.51, 95% CI 0.33–6.69). However, in total, in 2020 and 2021, the excess deaths from lung cancer were not significant both for the province of Taranto (+30 (95% CI −77; +106) for 2020 and +28 (95% CI −130; +133) for 2021) and for the municipality of Taranto alone (+14 (95% CI −47; +74) for 2020 and −2 (95% CI −86; +76) for 2021). Conclusions: This study shows that there was no excess mortality from lung cancer as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in the province of Taranto. The strategies applied by the local oncological services during the pandemic were probably effective in minimizing the possible interruption of cancer treatment. Strategies for accessing care in future health emergencies should take into account the results of continuous monitoring of disease trends.

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