Excessive Iodine Intake and Thyrotropin Reference Interval: Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Jeon, Min Ji; Gu, KimWon; KwonHyemi,; KimMijin,; ParkSuyeon,; OhHye-Seon,; Hanminkyu,; Yong, KimTae; Kee, ShongYoung; Bae, KimWon

doi:10.1089/thy.2017.0078

Cited by 49 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Epidemiological studies also found that the resident's average serum TSH level has risen due to the effects of increased iodine intake ( 25 ). A similar epidemiological survey reported by Korea showed that there was high iodine intake in Korea, resulting in serum TSH exhibiting a right-shifted distribution in that population ( 26 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Gestational TSH and FT4 Reference Intervals in Chinese Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Gao

et al. 2018

Front. Endocrinol.

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Background: Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) change dynamically during pregnancy. Differences in geographic regions, populations, and manufacturer's methodologies can affect the reference intervals for thyroid function tests. The 2017 guidelines of the American Thyroid Association (ATA) recommended 4.0 mU/L as the cut-off point for the upper limit of serum TSH in early pregnancy. A systematic review is called for to establish practical, gestational-specific TSH and FT4 reference intervals for pregnant Chinese women and to explore whether the criteria are suitable for China.Methods: English and Chinese articles published from inception to Aug 2017 were searched in the PubMed, EMBASE, and SCIE English-language databases and the CNKI, WanFang, and CQVIP Chinese databases. The relative descent or ascent rates of serum TSH and FT4 were calculated, after which Comprehensive Meta-Analysis V2.0 software was used to analyze the data.Results: Eleven studies (6 in English and 5 in Chinese), five kits and 11,629 Chinese women from nine cities were considered in this meta-analysis. Compared with the reference ranges provided by manufacturers, serum TSH decreased in the first trimester, with the upper limit declining by 21.7% (5.0–36.6%), to a value close to 4.0 mU/L, and the lower limit declining by 85.7% (73.5–97.1%). It continued decreasing in the second trimester, with the upper limit declining by 24.0% (6.4–40.9%) and the lower limit declining by 40.7% (9.0–85.7%). For FT4, the upper limit fluctuated slightly, and the lower limit increased by 6.8% (1.0–14.6%) in the first trimester. Serum FT4 dropped gradually, with the upper limit declining by 21.8% (2.5–31.8%) and the lower limit declining by 12.7% (2.6–19.6%) in the second trimester. During the third trimester, the upper limit decreased by 25.1% (12.7–35.0%), while the lower limit decreased by 20.9% (14.8–27.3%).Conclusions: Various regions, kits and test methods affect the gestational TSH and FT4 levels. The non-pregnant serum TSH upper limit minus 22% is very close to 4.0 mU/L, which can be used as a sub-optimal approach to represent the cut-off value for pregnant Chinese women in the first trimester.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Gestational TSH and FT4 Reference Intervals in Chinese Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Gao

et al. 2018

Front. Endocrinol.

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“…For example, TSH secretion has obvious circadian rhythm, with excessive secretion at night and lower in the morning [23]. Concurrently, iodine intake [24] and estrogen [25] are also shown to affect serum TSH levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation Between Serum TSH Levels Within Normal Range and Serum Lipid Profile

Liu

et al. 2020

Horm Metab Res

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The aim of the work was to investigate the correlation between serum TSH (thyrotropin) levels within normal range and serum lipids. A total of 1962 subjects with normal thyroid function were enrolled. The subjects were divided into four groups according to the quartiles of serum normal TSH levels, [Q1 (0.27–1.68) mIU/l, Q2 (1.69–2.35) mIU/l, Q3 (2.36–3.07) mIU/l, and Q4 (3.08–4.20) mIU/l]. The effect of serum normal TSH levels on serum lipid profiles of different age or gender was analyzed. The total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels of the Q3 group and TG levels of the Q4 group were higher than those of the Q1 group in youth (p <0.05). The TC levels of the Q3 group were higher than those of the Q2 group in middle age (p <0.05). The LDL-C levels of middle age or elderly were higher than those of youth at the same TSH levels (p <0.05), while the TC levels of middle age were higher than those of youth in Q1, Q3, or Q4 group (p <0.05), and the TC and HDL-C levels of elderly were higher than those of youth in the Q2 group (p <0.05). The TG levels of the Q3 group were higher than those of Q1 group in males (p <0.05). The LDL-C levels of the Q3 group were higher than those of the Q1 group in females (p <0.05). In conclusion, the normal serum TSH levels were found to be closely related to serum lipid profiles, and with increasing TSH levels, serum lipids levels increased gradually.

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“…Major food constituents with side-effects are iodine, fibers, and sodium (in seasoned laver). Iodine has beneficial effects on thyroid gland functioning, but excessive intake should be avoided to prevent potential adverse effects such as autoimmune thyroiditis or hypothyroidism [94][95][96][97][98]. Overconsumption of fibers can lead to vomiting or abdominal pain with diarrhea in people with sensitive stomachs and may cause dyspepsia even in healthy people due to generation of gases in the digestive system [99].…”

Section: Control Of Chemical Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Functionality and Quality Control of Laver (Porphyra, Pyropia): Current Issues and Future Perspectives as an Edible Seaweed

Cho

Rhee

2019

Marine Drugs

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The growing interest in laver as a food product and as a source of substances beneficial to health has led to global consumer demand for laver produced in a limited area of northeastern Asia. Here we review research into the benefits of laver consumption and discuss future perspectives on the improvement of laver product quality. Variation in nutritional/functional values among product types (raw and processed (dried, roasted, or seasoned) laver) makes product-specific nutritional analysis a prerequisite for accurate prediction of health benefits. The effects of drying, roasting, and seasoning on the contents of both beneficial and harmful substances highlight the importance of managing laver processing conditions. Most research into health benefits has focused on substances present at high concentrations in laver (porphyran, Vitamin B 12 , taurine), with assessment of the expected effects of laver consumption. Mitigation of chemical/microbiological risks and the adoption of novel technologies to exploit under-reported biochemical characteristics of lavers are suggested as key strategies for the further improvement of laver product quality. Comprehensive analysis of the literature regarding laver as a food product and as a source of biomedical compounds highlights the possibilities and challenges for application of laver products.

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Excessive Iodine Intake and Thyrotropin Reference Interval: Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Cited by 49 publications

References 22 publications

Gestational TSH and FT4 Reference Intervals in Chinese Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Gestational TSH and FT4 Reference Intervals in Chinese Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Correlation Between Serum TSH Levels Within Normal Range and Serum Lipid Profile

Health Functionality and Quality Control of Laver (Porphyra, Pyropia): Current Issues and Future Perspectives as an Edible Seaweed

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