Exchange of free and albumin-bound Evans blue in interstitium of hamster kidney

Ws, Wilde; Hill, JH; Wilson, Ernest J.; Gp, Schielke

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1971.220.6.1991

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…The free dye crosses blood vessel walls more readily than does dye bound to albumin (Levick & Michel, 1973). During the remainder of the first hour after injection, Evans blue dye (now bound to albumin) leaves the circulation at about the same rate as ~31I-labelled albumin (Sear et al, 1953;Wilde et al, 1971).…”

Section: Why Paraganglia Are Stained By Evans Bluementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the capacity of rat plasma albumin to bind Evans blue dye is unknown, one mole of human, bovine or rabbit albumin binds 11-14 moles of dye at pH 7.4 (Allen & Orahovats, 1950;Freedman & Johnson, 1969;Levick & Michel, 1973). In addition, even when the dos~ of Evans blue is sufficient to saturate only one-third of the circulating albumin, the dye leaves the circulation much more rapidly than does ~31I-labelled albumin during the first 2 min after injection (Wilde et al, 1971). The initially rapid loss of dye results, presumably, from the delay in uniform mixing of the solutiort with blood, which in turn retards .binding of the dye to plasma proteins.…”

Section: Why Paraganglia Are Stained By Evans Bluementioning

confidence: 99%

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Location and size of carotid body-like organs (paraganglia) revealed in rats by the permeability of blood vessels to Evans blue dye

1981

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We determined the number, distribution size, and morphology of paraganglia near the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and sympathetic nerves of rats. The location of paraganglia was revealed by a method that takes advantage of the comparatively high permeability of their blood vessels to Evans blue dye. Rats were fixed by vascular perfusion of glutaraldehyde 2 min after receiving an intravenous injection of Evans blue dye. Paraganglia appeared as circumscribed, intensely blue structures that were readily distinguished from unstained nerves associated with them. Similarly, some groups of small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells in autonomic and sensory ganglia were surrounded by Evans blue at a time that other portions of the ganglia contained little detectable dye. An average of 92.5 (range 41-134) paraganglia and 41 (range 17-68) blue spots in ganglia were found in the neck, thorax and abdomen of each of 10 rats. Carotid bodies had a mean length of 601 +/- 123 micrometer, width of 275 +/- 65 micrometer, and volume of 25.1 +/- 11.2 micrometer 3 X 10(6). Other paraganglia had an average length of 168 +/- 108 micrometer, width of 77 +/- 41 micrometer, and volume of 0.87 +/- 1.55 micrometer 3 X 10(6). The total volume of paraganglion tissue averaged 128 micrometer 3 X 10(6) (range 62-215 micrometer 3 X 10(6)), 59% of which was due to paraganglia other than the carotid bodies. By using fluorescence microscopy, we verified that small catecholamine-containing cells, visible because of their yellow-green fluorescence induced by formaldehyde gas, were located in regions along nerves and within ganglia that contained extravascular dye, visible because of its red fluorescence. Electron-microscopic studies confirmed that blue-stained organs (presumptive paraganglia) associated with the superior laryngeal nerve and other branches of the vagus nerve contained cells morphologically similar to glomus cells of the carotid body. Celiac ganglia contained, in addition, some cells similar to chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Paraganglia (but not in SIF cells in ganglia) were encapsulated by layers of perineurium, which may constitute a barrier to diffusion. Tortuous thin-walled blood vessels, some with a fenestrated endothelium, were present in all paraganglia examined and were near most groups of SIF cells in ganglia. Neural connections of the small catecholamine-containing cells varied. Most nerve terminals on cells in paraganglia resembled sensory nerve endings on glomus cells of the carotid body, although some were morphologically similar to preganglionic nerves on chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla.

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Section: Why Paraganglia Are Stained By Evans Bluementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Why Paraganglia Are Stained By Evans Bluementioning

confidence: 99%

Location and size of carotid body-like organs (paraganglia) revealed in rats by the permeability of blood vessels to Evans blue dye

1981

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“…The dye binds spontaneously and avidly to albumin (32,48). When injected into the blood, most of the free dye is bound to albumin within 2 min, provided the amount of dye is below saturation as in the present experiments (53,62).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Airway vasculature after mycoplasma infection: chronic leakiness and selective hypersensitivity to substance P

Kwan

Gómez

Bałuk

et al. 2001

American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Phys

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Angiogenesis and microvascular remodeling are features of chronic airway inflammation caused by Mycoplasma pulmonis infection in rats. As airway blood vessels undergo remodeling, they become unusually sensitive to substance P-induced plasma leakage. Here we determined whether the remodeled vessels are leaky under baseline conditions, whether their heightened sensitivity is specific to substance P, and whether the leakage is reversible. Four weeks after infection, the amount of baseline leakage of Evans blue in the tracheal mucosa was two to five times the normal level. Gaps < 1 microm in diameter were located between endothelial cells in some remodeled vessels. Substance P, but not platelet-activating factor or 5-hydroxytryptamine, produced an exaggerated leakage response. Inhalation of the beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist salmeterol reduced the leakage by <60%. We conclude that the blood vessel remodeling after M. pulmonis infection is associated with microvascular leakiness due, in part, to the formation of endothelial gaps. This leakage is accompanied by an abnormal sensitivity to substance P but not to platelet-activating factor or 5-hydroxytryptamine and can be reduced by beta2-agonists.

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“…The fate of BMSPCs is ultimately determined by the nature of the myocardial microenvironment. The onset of ischemic injury and subsequent reperfusion results in a robust proinflammatory state with elevated levels of locally activated complement [75–77] and ROS [78]. The induction of ROS and subsequent cytokine cascade contributes to rapid neutrophil infiltration of the infarct region, with neutrophil levels peaking between 24 and 72 hours after MI [76, 79, 80].…”

Section: Fate Of Adults Stem Cells After MImentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Bioactive Lipids in Stem Cell Mobilization and Homing: Novel Therapeutics for Myocardial Ischemia

Klyachkin

Karapetyan

Ratajczak

et al. 2014

BioMed Research International

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Despite significant advances in medical therapy and interventional strategies, the prognosis of millions of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains poor. Currently, short of heart transplantation with all of its inherit limitations, there are no available treatment strategies that replace the infarcted myocardium. It is now well established that cardiomyocytes undergo continuous renewal, with contribution from bone marrow (BM)-derived stem/progenitor cells (SPCs). This phenomenon is upregulated during AMI by initiating multiple innate reparatory mechanisms through which BMSPCs are mobilized towards the ischemic myocardium and contribute to myocardial regeneration. While a role for the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in retention of BMSPCs in bone marrow is undisputed, its exclusive role in their mobilization and homing to a highly proteolytic microenvironment, such as the ischemic/infarcted myocardium, is currently being challenged. Recent evidence suggests a pivotal role for bioactive lipids in the mobilization of BMSPCs at the early stages following AMI and their homing towards ischemic myocardium. This review highlights the recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of stem cell mobilization, provides newer evidence implicating bioactive lipids in BMSPC mobilization and differentiation, and discusses their potential as therapeutic agents in the treatment of IHD.

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Exchange of free and albumin-bound Evans blue in interstitium of hamster kidney

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Location and size of carotid body-like organs (paraganglia) revealed in rats by the permeability of blood vessels to Evans blue dye

Location and size of carotid body-like organs (paraganglia) revealed in rats by the permeability of blood vessels to Evans blue dye

Airway vasculature after mycoplasma infection: chronic leakiness and selective hypersensitivity to substance P

The Role of Bioactive Lipids in Stem Cell Mobilization and Homing: Novel Therapeutics for Myocardial Ischemia

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