Excitatory and Inhibitory Bladder Responses to Stimulation of the Cerebral Cortex in the Cat

Gjone, R; Setekleiv, J.

doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1963.tb02749.x

Cited by 66 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 8 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The changes in the orbitofrontal cortex in the present study might indicate restoration of activity to normal levels, although the changes were limited to the ventromedial orbitofrontal gyrus. Electrical stimulation of the ventromedial orbitofrontal cortex of cats evokes micturition [24]. Bladder dysfunction, like urinary urge, frequency and urge incontinence, can be produced by aneurysms, tumours, gunshot wounds or leucotomies that have disrupted portions of the anterior part of the frontal lobe, including parts of the orbitofrontal and prefrontal cortices [23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different brain effects during chronic and acute sacral neuromodulation in urge incontinent patients with implanted neurostimulators

et al. 2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

OBJECTIVE To compare changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), using positron emission tomography (PET), during chronic and acute sacral neuromodulation (SN). SN is an effective long‐term treatment for chronic urge incontinence due to urinary bladder hyperactivity, as sensory nerves, spinal and supraspinal structures are probably responsible for the action of SN. It is not known which brain areas are involved, and the optimum benefit of SN is not immediate, suggesting that induced plasticity of the brain is necessary. PATIENTS AND METHODS Brain activity was measured in two groups: 12 urge incontinent patients (11 women and one man; mean age 52 years) in whom an implanted unilateral S3 nerve neurostimulator had been effective for >6 months (mean time after implantation 4.5 years); and eight urge incontinent patients (seven women and one man; mean age 49 years) in whom the neurostimulator was activated for the first time in the PET scanner. RESULTS During SN in chronically implanted patients, there were significant decreases in rCBF in the middle part of the cingulate gyrus, the ventromedial orbitofrontal cortex, midbrain and adjacent midline thalamus, and rCBF increases in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. During acute SN in newly implanted patients, there were significant decreases in rCBF the medial cerebellum, and increases in the right postcentral gyrus cortex, the right insular cortex and the ventromedial orbitofrontal cortex. Group analysis between chronic and newly implanted patients showed significant differences in the associative sensory cortex, premotor cortex and the cerebellum, all three involved in learning behaviour. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggests that chronic SN influences, presumably via the spinal cord, brain areas previously implicated in detrusor hyperactivity, awareness of bladder filling, the urge to void and the timing of micturition. Furthermore, SN affects areas involved in alertness and awareness. Acute SN modulates predominantly areas involved in sensorimotor learning, which might become less active during the course of chronic SN.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different brain effects during chronic and acute sacral neuromodulation in urge incontinent patients with implanted neurostimulators

et al. 2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These include the cerebellum, periaquedactal gray in the midbrain, substantia nigra, red nucleus, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdaloid body, and cerebral cortex (sensorimotor cortex, median or ventral aspects of the frontal lobe, etc.) (Gjone, 1966;Gjone and Setekleiv, 1963;Koyama et al, 1962;Lewin et al, 1967) (Fig. 6).…”

Section: Higher Central Nervous System (Suprapontine) Control Of Bladmentioning

confidence: 99%

Central nervous control of micturition and urine storage

Sugaya

Nishijima

Miyazato

et al. 2005

J. Smooth Muscle Res.

101

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The micturition reflex is one of the autonomic reflexes, but the release of urine is regulated by voluntary neural mechanisms that involve centers in the brain and spinal cord. The micturition reflex is a bladder-to-bladder contraction reflex for which the reflex center is located in the rostral pontine tegmentum (pontine micturition center: PMC). There are two afferent pathways from the bladder to the brain. One is the dorsal system and the other is the spinothalamic tract. Afferents to the PMC ascend in the spinotegmental tract, which run through the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord. The efferent pathway from the PMC also runs through the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord to inhibit the thoracolumbar sympathetic nucleus and the sacral pudendal nerve nucleus, while promoting the activity of the sacral parasymapathetic nucleus. Inhibition of the sympathetic nucleus and pudendal nerve nucleus induces relaxation of the bladder neck and the external urethral sphincter, respectively. There are two centers that inhibit micturition in the pons, which are the pontine urine storage center and the rostral pontine reticular formation. In the lumbosacral cord, excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory glycinergic/GABAergic neurons influence both the afferent and efferent limbs of the micturition reflex. The activity of these neurons is affected by the pontine activity. There are various excitatory and inhibitory areas co-existing in the brain, but the brain has an overall inhibitory effect on micturition, and thus maintains continence. For micturition to occur, the cerebrum must abate its inhibitory influence on the PMC.

show abstract

“…It is possible that these diCerences are reflected by a diCerent neuronal cingulate gyrus, preoptic area of the hypothalamus, amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and septal control system. Recent light microscopy investigations by Ding et al [28] suggest that in the rat the sensory nuclei, elicits bladder contractions [25]. Many of these regions send fibres to the brainstem, but only one neurones in the lumbosacral cord project directly onto neurones in the PMC.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The central control of micturition and continence: implications for urology

Blok

Holstege

1999

BJU International

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

IntroductionMicturition and continence are independently organized in the brainBladder control problems in the elderly is a major problem; #30% of the population older than 60 years Micturition depends on a coordinated action between the smooth muscle of the bladder (the detrusor) and the and more than half of those resident in a nursing home suCer from bladder control problems, in particular overstriated external urethral sphincter (EUS). During the storage of urine, the bladder muscle remains relaxed and active bladder [1]. The costs related to urinary incontinence in 1995 were estimated to be US$26.3 billion or the EUS is tonically contracted. When micturition takes place, this activation pattern is reversed; the EUS relaxes US$3565 per patient [2]. Although it is well known that the brain plays a crucial role in the control of micturition and the bladder contracts, resulting in the expulsion of urine. Motoneurones of both bladder and EUS are located and urinary continence (see [3]), until recently the location of the structures involved was unknown. This in the sacral spinal cord. However, the coordination between these two motoneuronal cell groups in adult is surprising, as a large proportion of bladder control problems in the elderly is probably related to a dysfuncanimals and humans does not to take place in the spinal cord, but in the pons of the caudal brainstem. tion of the brain [4]. To identify the specific brain structures involved in micturition it is important to Interruption of the descending fibres from the pons to the sacral cord, e.g. in patients with a transection of the emphasize its importance for survival.The kidneys continuously produce urine which is spinal cord, results in dyssynergic micturition. In such patients the contraction of the bladder is accompanied collected in the urinary bladder and stored until disposal is possible at the appropriate place and time. As an by simultaneous contraction of the sphincter. Patients with brain lesions rostral to the pons never show bladderindividual is vulnerable during voiding, micturition only takes place when the environment is relatively safe. In sphincter dyssynergia [4]. However, such patients might suCer from bladder overactivity and/or an inability to many animals urine is important for territorial demarcation or sexual signalling. Urine odour from neonatal delay voiding. Apparently, centres in the pons coordinate micturition rats stimulates the mother to lick their perineum and thus initiate micturition; isolated neonatal rats die as such, but centres rostral to the pons determine the beginning of micturition. Recent experiments in the cat because they cannot empty their bladders. Thus, micturition does not take place at random, but is part of a have provided evidence that the pontine micturition centre (PMC) and the pontine storage centre (PSC) are complex behaviour, directly related to the survival of the individual or species. This means that micturition must not interconnected at the level of the brainstem [6]. Therefore, the central...

show abstract

Excitatory and Inhibitory Bladder Responses to Stimulation of the Cerebral Cortex in the Cat

Abstract: GJONE, R. and J. SETEKLEIV. Excitatory and inhibitory bladder responses to stimulation of the cerebral cortex in the cat. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 59. 337-348. -A continuous intravesical pressure recording was established in 22 anesthetized cats by operative canalization of the

Cited by 66 publications

References 8 publications

Different brain effects during chronic and acute sacral neuromodulation in urge incontinent patients with implanted neurostimulators

Different brain effects during chronic and acute sacral neuromodulation in urge incontinent patients with implanted neurostimulators

Central nervous control of micturition and urine storage

The central control of micturition and continence: implications for urology

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About