Excited State and Reactive Oxygen Species against Cancer and Pathogens: A Review on Sonodynamic and Sono‐Photodynamic Therapy

Abstract

Photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy are therapies having great potential in the treatment of bacterial infections and cancer. Their background is associated with photo-and sonosensitizers -substances that can be excited when exposed to light or ultrasound. These sensitizers belong to a various groups of compound, including porphyrins, porphyrazines, and phthalocyanines. Releasing the energy when returning to the ground state can occur in the manner of transferring it to oxygen molecules, leading to reactive oxygen species able to disrupt membranes of bacterial and cancer cells, leaving the organism's cells unaffected. In recent years, the number of reports on numerous sensitizers being effective has been constantly growing. Therefore, the development of this field may prove beneficial for dealing with cancer and microbes. This review describes the development of photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy, as well as their combination, with emphasis on sonodynamic therapy and its potential in the treatment of cancer and bacterial infections.

Evaluation of the effects of newly synthesized metallophthalocyanines on breast cancer cell lines with photodynamic therapy

“…15,16 In this context, 3-(4-(3-oxobutyl)phenoxy)phthalonitrile (1) as a new phthalonitrile derivative was synthesized. The nonperipheral metallophthalocyanine derivatives [zinc(II) (2), copper(II) (3), cobalt(II) (4), manganese(III) (5), gallium(III) (6), and indium(III) (7)] were prepared by use of this ligand. The obtained new compounds were characterized by common spectroscopic techniques.…”

“…Recent studies have shown that Pc compounds are one of the most promising compounds for photodynamic therapy (PDT), which is being used as a new generation of cancer treatment methods. 5–7…”

“…Recent studies have shown that Pc compounds are one of the most promising compounds for photodynamic therapy (PDT), which is being used as a new generation of cancer treatment methods. [5][6][7] Cancer is one of the most important health problems today. Cancer begins with the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells and can lead to death if left untreated.…”

“…Spectral parameters and photophysical properties (Φ F ) of novel synthesized metallophthalocyanines(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7) in THF…”

Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy: A Review of Combined Energy Sources

“…The basis of SPDT is the administration of a small amount of a SPDT sensitizer and its activation by ultrasound and/or light irradiation. The combination of SDT and PDT produces more ROS than both therapies alone, which can reduce the sensitizer dosage and enhance cytotoxicity [ 91 , 107 , 108 ]. So far, many SPDT sensitizers have been investigated, such as porphyrin derivatives [ 109 , 110 ], chlorin e6 [ 107 , 111 ], rose bengal [ 112 ], and sonnelux [ 113 ].…”