Exclusion and exploitation: The incarceration of Black Americans from slavery to the present

Muller, Christopher

doi:10.1126/science.abj7781

Cited by 15 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Second, previously unidentified evidence that American Indians and Alaska Natives broadly face the greatest risk of imprisonment in the United States should encourage new thinking about the contours, causes, and consequences of mass incarceration. The sources of Black Americans’ unequal incarceration have been widely explored ( 23 , 24 ). Centuries of violence, enslavement, dispossession, segregation, and discrimination have predisposed contemporary criminal justice institutions against equal justice for Black people.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lifetime risk of imprisonment in the United States remains high and starkly unequal

Roehrkasse

Wildeman

2022

Sci. Adv.

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How likely are U.S. males and females of different ethnoracial groups to be imprisoned over the course of their lives, and how have these risks changed in recent decades? Using survey and administrative data, we update 20th-century estimates of the cumulative risk of imprisonment for the 21st century. In 2016, non-Hispanic Black males’ lifetime risk of imprisonment remained very high—more than 16%—but decreased substantially relative to extreme levels of risk in the 1990s and early 2000s. The lifetime risk of imprisonment among people identifying as American Indian or Alaska Native was nearly 50% for males and more than 14% for females. Although national prison admission rates are declining, imprisonment remains a pervasive and highly unequal life-course experience.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lifetime risk of imprisonment in the United States remains high and starkly unequal

Roehrkasse

Wildeman

2022

Sci. Adv.

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“…32–38, 119–126; Unnever & Gabbidon, 2011), forming a basic assumption of the model. Similarly, historically oriented research has examined the incarceration of Black Americans from slavery to the present (Muller, 2021) and how it shaped contemporary racial inequality in family structure and employment, with ramifying downstream consequences for children's development and criminal justice experiences (Jaynes, 2023). As we will return to, even though the empirical study of mechanisms linking early‐life contexts to later‐life contexts and individual development is an area ripe for future inquiry, it is beyond the scope of our empirical analyses.…”

Section: A Life‐course Model Of Racial Inequalities In Arrestmentioning

confidence: 99%

The social foundations of racial inequalities in arrest over the life course and in changing times

Sampson,

Neil

2024

Criminology

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Although racial disparities in criminal justice contact are long‐standing and the subject of continuing public debate, few studies have linked early‐life social conditions to racial disparities in arrest over the life course and in changing times. In this article, we advance and test a theoretical model of racial inequality in long‐term arrest histories on a representative sample of nearly 1,000 individuals from multiple birth cohorts in the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. Large Black–White disparities in arrests from ages 10 to 40 arise from racial inequalities in exposure to cumulative childhood advantages and disadvantages rather than from race‐specific effects. Smaller but meaningful Hispanic–White gaps follow a similar pattern, and the same explanations of racial disparities hold across different offense types and across birth cohorts who came of age at different times during 1995 to 2021. These findings indicate that inequalities in early‐life structural factors, which themselves are historically shaped, trigger processes of cumulative advantage and disadvantage that produce racial disparities in arrests over the life course and that persist across different points in contemporary history.

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“…Looking specifically at mid‐life, Holloway and Varner (2021) found that Black mothers also experienced increased stress in response to difficult circumstances in the lives of their children (2021). Because Black families are more likely to experience a number of structural barriers linked to racism, such as economic hardship (Williams & Baker, 2021) or mass incarceration (Muller, 2021), Black mothers experience increased levels of stress surrounding their children. This heightened level of parenting stress for Black mothers is another unique stressor that cannot always be captured without an intersectional lens.…”

Section: Responses To Oppressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Black feminist theory in maternal health research: A review of concepts and future directions

Brantley

2023

Sociology Compass

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Black maternal health and well-being has become a necessary focal point for health researchers due to higher rates of maternal mortality and morbidity for Black women.However, what is often absent from this scholarship within medical sociology is Black Feminist Theory as a framework for understanding Black women's health and well-being. Drawing on Black feminist and maternal health scholarship, I argue that integrating Black feminist approaches in maternal health research expands our understandings of what processes and mechanisms are impacting the health and well-being of Black mothers, while also highlighting the importance of maternal health research that solely centers Black women. Specifically, I focus on three concepts of Black Feminist Theory as it relates to Black maternal health research: (1) examining Black women's standpoint as credible, (2) acknowledging the historical context of multiple systems of oppression against Black women, and (3) incorporating a perspective that acknowledges both disadvantages, as well as empowerment, in the lives of Black women. I end this review with a discussion of future directions for sociological research in maternal health, including the importance of acknowledging how Black mothers are both impacted by, and resisting, social structures that may add nuance to our current understandings of Black maternal health and well-being.

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Exclusion and exploitation: The incarceration of Black Americans from slavery to the present

Cited by 15 publications

References 33 publications

Lifetime risk of imprisonment in the United States remains high and starkly unequal

Lifetime risk of imprisonment in the United States remains high and starkly unequal

The social foundations of racial inequalities in arrest over the life course and in changing times

Black feminist theory in maternal health research: A review of concepts and future directions

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