Excretion masses and environmental occurrence of antibiotics in typical swine and dairy cattle farms in China

Discharge of swine wastes risks water quality and food safety: Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes from swine sources to the receiving environments

“…The transfer of antibiotic resistance determinants from human and livestock sources to the environment has gained attention in the scientific community in the past decade (Silbergeld et al, 2008;Storteboom et al, 2010;Wright, 2010), with antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) considered as emerging environmental contaminants (Pruden et al, 2006). Human wastes are nowadays better treated by centralized wastewater treatment plants than animal wastes with simple treatment systems such as lagoon and digester or even without any treatment before their discharge into the environment (McKinney et al, 2010;Liu et al, 2012;Zhou et al, 2013;He et al, 2014;Su et al, 2014b;Chen et al, 2015). In comparison with other livestock animals (broiler and cattle), antibiotics are commonly used as growth promoter in swine farming (Zhou et al, 2013;Durso and Cook, 2014), thus swine feedlots are of particular concern as potential hot spots for promoting the dissemination of antibiotic resistance (Gotz and Smalla, 1997;Cole et al, 2000;Binh et al, 2008).…”

“…Since sulfonamides, tetracyclines, macrolides and florfenicol are commonly used in livestock production (Zhou et al, 2013), and such use is perceived to contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance (van den Bogaard and Stobberingh, 2000), sul sulfonamide resistance genes and tet tetracycline resistance genes were the most frequently reported ARGs in diverse livestock operations such as swine and broiler feedlots (McKinney et al, 2010;Koike et al, 2007;Wu et al, 2010;He et al, 2014), followed by erm macrolide-lincosamides-streptogramin B resistance genes (Chen et al, 2007(Chen et al, , 2010. Although chloramphenicol has been banned in food-producing animals since 1994, its alternative antibiotic florfenicol was widely used and their resistance genes (cmlA, floR, fexA, cfr, and fexB) were prevalent in swine feedlots and their surrounding environments (Li et al, 2013).…”

Joint antibacterial activity of soil-adsorbed antibiotics trimethoprim and sulfamethazine

“…Previous studies showed detection of SMZ and TMP in wastewaters, manures and sludge of animal farms and municipal wastewater treatment plants (Hoa et al, 2011;Sim et al, 2011;Zhou et al, 2013a, b, c). Due to application of wastewaters and sludge on agricultural soils, antibiotics such as SMZ and TMP have been reported in soil environments (Li et al, 2011;Zhou et al, 2013a). The highest concentrations for SMZ and TMP in manure of swine farms in South China were up to 0.250 and 0.246 mg/kg, respectively (Zhou et al, 2013a).…”

“…Due to application of wastewaters and sludge on agricultural soils, antibiotics such as SMZ and TMP have been reported in soil environments (Li et al, 2011;Zhou et al, 2013a). The highest concentrations for SMZ and TMP in manure of swine farms in South China were up to 0.250 and 0.246 mg/kg, respectively (Zhou et al, 2013a). SMZ and TMP have been detected in manures and soils at concentrations up to 12.4 mg/kg in German farms (Haller et al, 2002;Miao et al, 2004).…”

Impact Assessment of Soil Contamination with Antibiotics (for Example, an Ordinary Chernozem)

“…Antibiotics enter the soil mostly with manure (Kemper, 2008;Zhao et al, 2010) and sewage water (Golet et al, 2003) applied as fertilizers. Various antibiotics are found in ground and waste water and in soil (Ramaswamy et al, 2010;Pereira et al, 2012;Sirés and Brillas, 2012;Zhou et al, 2013). Once in the environment, like any other organic chemicals, their efficacy depends on their physio-chemical properties, prevailing climatic conditions, soil types and variety of other environmental factors.…”