Excretion of Sodium and Potassium in Human Sweat 1

Schwartz, Irving L.; Thaysen, Jørn Hess

doi:10.1172/jci103245

Cited by 157 publications

(72 citation statements)

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“…Since concentrations of sodium and chloride in sweat increase with increasing sweat rate [10,15,31,55], high concentrations could be explained by an abnormal population of sweat glands characterized by an abnormally high flow rate (hypersecretion hypothesis) [48]. According to our results (table I), there is no significant difference in sweat rate between CS and CFP.…”

Section: Increased Sweat Rate Of Single Glandsmentioning

confidence: 53%

Sweat Composition in Relation to Rate of Sweating in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis of the Pancreas

et al. 1968

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ExtractSingle sweat droplets were collected from a mineral oil-covered finger surface ( fig. 1). Rate of sweat production (sweat rate) per gland per hour was calculated. Using microtechniques, the concentrations of electrolytes and metabolites, osmolarity, pH, and viscosity were determined in undiluted pooled sweat. The following results were obtained:No significant difference was observed in sweat rate per gland between control subjects and patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas (CFP).Concentrations of sodium and chloride in sweat rose with increasing sweat rates in both control subjects and patients with CFP. In the patients with CFP, the lowest values were between 70 and 90 mEq/1 and the curve approached isotonicity. Chloride values were consistently lower than those of sodium. Concentrations of potassium decreased with increasing sweat rate in control subjects approaching a value of about 10 mEq/1. In patients with CFP, the values for potassium were frequently twice as high as those in the control subjects. Concentration of calcium dropped rapidly with an increasing sweat rate from 10 to 1-2 mEq/1.Concentrations of lactic acid and urea were high at low sweat rates and decreased hyperbolically with increasing rates. In patients with CFP, the values of both components were lower than those in control subjects. Urea was uniformly more concentrated in sweat than in plasma; the sweat:plasma ratio approached 1.0 with increasing sweat rates.Creatinine concentrations decreased with increasing sweat rate. No difference was observed between values in two patients and two control subjects. Glucose concentration was low (0.2-6 mg/100 ml) and was independent of the sweat rate. No significant difference was observed in comparing five patients with CFP and six control subjects.In control subjects, osmolarity decreased, with increasing sweat rate, from 240 to approximately 120 mOsmol/1 and then increased (mean 163 mOsmol/1). In patients with CFP, the curve was similar in shape but began and ended in a range of approximately 320 m/Osmol/1 (mean 299 mOsmol/1).The pH of sweat was acid at low sweat rates (pH 3.5-6.0) and was slightly alkaline (pH 7.0-8.5) at high rates. No differences were observed when comparing five patients and five control subjects.Viscosity of sweat was significantly elevated in five patients with CFP in relation to that observed in eight control subjects. This may be explained by the elevated concentration of salt in sweat of patients with CFP.The excretory pattern of urea, lactic acid, and creatinine in sweat of patients with CFP, compared with that of control subjects, argues against an increased rate of water reabsorption in the excretory ducts of the sweat gland. The course of the sodium and the chloride curve and the values of osmolarity EMRICH, STOLL, FRIOLET, COLOMBO, RIGHTERIGH, ROSSI 465 in sweat favor the assumption that in cystic fibrosis of the pancreas, the precursor fluid is in the isotonic range; net sodium reabsorption can then be calculated and appears to be defective in patients w...

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Section: Increased Sweat Rate Of Single Glandsmentioning

confidence: 53%

Sweat Composition in Relation to Rate of Sweating in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis of the Pancreas

et al. 1968

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“…4). Because sweat precursor fluid is isotonic with extracellular fluid (26,27), the concentration of HCO3 entering the duct should be about 25 mM. The decrease in final sweat X-concentration at lower rates in normal glands must be due to either an increase in the fractional reabsorption of X-or to an increase in the fractional neutralization of X-by H secreted in the duct, presumably via Na/H exchange.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suggestion of an Abnormal Anion Exchange Mechanism in Sweat Glands of Cystic Fibrosis Patients

Quinton

1982

Pediatr Res

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Summawdiagnosed with cystic fibrosis and followed at the UCLA cystic fibrosis clinic with ages 20-34 years. he physiological basis for the defect in NaCl reabsorption in Collection. Sweat was collected from the volar surface of the cystic fibrosis (cF) sweat glands is not known. We have system-forearm of all subjects. Glands were stimulated to secrete by atically followed the concentrations of the three major inorganic iontophoresing a solution of 1% bethanecol into an area of apelectrolytes in sweat as a function of single gland sweat rate in proximately 40 cm2 with a current of 1.8 m~ applied for 5 min. patients with CF and normal individuals. The result demonstrates order to collect sweat secretions from glands, the stimulated that (1) at low sweat rates, sweat glands of CF individuals can area was then washed thoroughly with distilled water, wiped reduce NaCl concentrations to normal levels and (2) that the briefly with ethanol, dried thoroughly, and coated with waterconcentration of organic anions and/or HCOI in CF sweat is saturated mineral oil. A small well was then strapped to the arm substantially less than in normal sweat.and filled with water-saturated mineral oil. With the aid of a Speculation Present data and other findings suggest that Na/K transport and a postulated Na/H exchange are normal, but that a postulated anion exchange may be defective in cystic fibrosis sweat glands. These observations suggest an underlying transport genetic abnormality, which might explain observed abnormalities in cystic fibrosis exocrine gland secretions in general.Almost without exception, the fluid secreted by exocrine glands in cystic fibrosis (CF) are either altered in volume or composition. For example, the volume of pancreatic secretions formed under similar conditions of stimulation is only about 10% of normal (1 1). On the other hand, the volume of submaxillary salivary secretions is normal but the concentrations of Na and K are elevated in these fluids (18).Of the known abnormalities in exocrine secretions, an elevated concentration of NaCl in sweat from cystic fibrosis indivduals is one of the most characteristic expressions of the disease. In children, a sweat C1 concentration greater than 60 meq/liter almost without exception indicates a positive diagnosis while a C1 concentration less than 50 meq/liter almost as certainly rules out the diagnosis (5). Even though this alteration has proven most useful in diagnosis and has been the subject of much investigation, the underlying basis of the physiologic defect remains unknown.With few exceptions (14,17,26), almost all previous investigations of the sweat defect in cystic fibrosis have studied whole sweat collected from the body surface. Most of these studies were dissecting microscope, individual sweat droplets were visualized and collected in constant bore capillaries (66 pm inside diameter) between oil blocks. Samples were collected continuously from two or three glands separately until sweating became too slow to obtain sufficient volumes for collection. S...

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“…Sweat gland, salivary gland and kidney From necessarily indirect evidence, sodium is considered to be secreted by the proximal portion of the sweat gland, parotid gland and submaxillary gland and then reabsorbed distally (White et al 1955;Schwartz & Thaysen, 1956). If deoxycorticosterone has an effect on the sweat and salivary glands similar to that on the intestine, where it increases the rate of sodium transfer from lumen to blood, then a movement of sodium from lumen to blood exists in the sweat and salivary glands and this would add further indirect evidence that sodium absorption occurs in these glands.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of deoxycorticosterone on the undirectional transfers of sodium and potassium into and out of the dog intestine

Berger¹,

Kanzaki²,

Steele³

1960

The Journal of Physiology

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Excretion of Sodium and Potassium in Human Sweat 1

Cited by 157 publications

References 4 publications

Sweat Composition in Relation to Rate of Sweating in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis of the Pancreas

Sweat Composition in Relation to Rate of Sweating in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis of the Pancreas

Suggestion of an Abnormal Anion Exchange Mechanism in Sweat Glands of Cystic Fibrosis Patients

The effect of deoxycorticosterone on the undirectional transfers of sodium and potassium into and out of the dog intestine

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