Exercise and Training Effects on Blood Haemostasis in Health and Disease

Abstract

In recent years, the dysfunction of the haemostatic system in relation to the clinical complications from arterioscleroses and cardiovascular diseases has become more recognised. Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis comprise two important physiological systems, which are regulated by a balance between activators and inhibitors. Activation of blood coagulation is associated with accelerated clot formation, whereas activation of blood fibrinolysis enhances the breakdown of the blood clot. Available evidence suggests that strenuous exercise induces activation of blood coagulation with simultaneous enhancement of blood fibrinolysis. Although the responses of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis appear to be related to the exercise intensity and its duration, recent reports suggest that moderate exercise intensity is followed by activation of blood fibrinolysis without concomitant hyper-coagulability, while very intense exercise is associated with concurrent activation of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. Similar to blood coagulation and fibrinolysis, systemic platelet-related thrombogenic factors have been shown to be involved in the initiation and progression of atherogenesis and plaque growth. Although exercise effects on platelet aggregation and function in healthy individuals have been examined, the results reported have been conflicting. However, for patients with coronary heart disease, the balance of evidence available would strongly suggest that platelet aggregation and functions are increased with exercise. Few studies are available concerning the influence of training on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis and the exact effects of exercise training on the equilibrium between blood coagulation and fibrinolysis is not as yet known. Although the effects of physical training on platelets have been briefly investigated, available meagre evidence suggests that exercise training is associated with favourable effects on platelet aggregation and activation in both men and women.

Exercise prescription and thrombogenesis

“…Additionally, artifacts resulting from blood sampling and handling can induce elevated b-TG and PF4 levels in plasma [32]. Although investigations showed that b-TG and PF4 concentrations increased following acute exercise [33,34], other studies did not identify significant changes in the ratio of b-TG to PF4 after exercise [18]. Therefore, this finding suggests that platelet secretion in vivo was not directly activated by exercise.…”

“…The b-adrenergic pathway has been implicated as a pathway potentially mediating an exercise-induced increase in FVIII levels as b-blockade blunts this increase [62]. Some investigations showed that aerobic and anaerobic exercise increases plasmin formation, possibly by increasing plasminogen activator (t-PA) and reducing plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) [34,63], thereby accelerating the blood fibrinolysis rate and enhancing fibrin degradation. Although b-adrenergic receptor blocking by propranolol partially reduces normal fibrinolytic response to strenuous exercise [64], t-PA release occurs prior to an increase in blood catecholamine concentration, suggesting that the initial release of t-PA induced by exercise is mediated by another non-adrenergic mechanism -possibly vasopressin [65].…”

Release of pro-coagulant microparticles after moderate endurance exercise

“…Since moderate physical exercise is known to lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases [9,10], we were interested to study the effect of moderate physical exercise on both concentration and pro-coagulant activity of circulating MP.…”

Acute Hematological Profile Response to One Session of Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise among Young Male Kickboxers

“…Its accurate mechanism during any kind of exercise is not actually clear. Most likely, some mechanical factors can be involved in this process, such as an increase in cardiac output, and cause some changes in capillary endothelial cells (15,16).…”

“…There is no consensus on the effects of exercises on platelet concentration and symptoms of platelet activation. However, it has to be mentioned that short-term training causes activation of blood clotting, as well as an increase in fibronolize, and maintains the balance between formation of blood clotting and its analysis in a natural level (10,15). Based on the finding of the present study, it can be concluded that even though PLT and LYM had dropped down to their lower levels during the 45-and 90-minute recovery, WBC, at the same time, showed a significant increase, which manifests the partial weakening of the immune system of the body.…”