Exercise as a reward: Self-paced exercise perception and delay discounting in comparison with food and money

Albelwi, Tamam A.; Rogers, Robert D.; Kubis, Hans-Peter

doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.12.004

Cited by 12 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…Furthermore, as human movement is adaptable and results in greater environmental fitness, it seems likely that it would be wanted at some basic level (Ekkekakis et al, 2005). Even in modern humans, exercise is rewarding for many individuals, similar to food or money (Albelwi et al, 2019). The WANT model predicts that desires/wants for movement might even reach levels of strong urges or cravings (Stults-Kolehmainen et al, 2020a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of Motivation States for Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Development and Validation of the CRAVE Scale

et al. 2021

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Physical activity, and likely the motivation for it, varies throughout the day. The aim of this investigation was to create a short assessment (CRAVE: Cravings for Rest and Volitional Energy Expenditure) to measure motivation states (wants, desires, urges) for physical activity and sedentary behaviors. Five studies were conducted to develop and evaluate the construct validity and reliability of the scale, with 1,035 participants completing the scale a total of 1,697 times. In Study 1, 402 university students completed a questionnaire inquiring about the want or desire to perform behaviors “at the present moment (right now).” Items related to physical activity (e.g., “move my body”) and sedentary behaviors (e.g., “do nothing active”). An exploratory structural equation model (ESEM) revealed that 10 items should be retained, loading onto two factors (5 each for Move and Rest). In Study 2, an independent sample (n = 444) confirmed these results and found that Move and Rest desires were associated with stage-of-change for exercise behavior. In Study 3, 127 community-residing participants completed the CRAVE at 6-month intervals over two years- two times each session. Across-session interclass correlations (ICC) for Move (ICC = 0.72–0.95) and Rest (ICC = 0.69–0.88) were higher than when they were measured across 24-months (Move: ICC = 0.53; Rest: ICC = 0.49), indicating wants/desires have state-like qualities. In Study 4, a maximal treadmill test was completed by 21 university students. The CRAVE was completed immediately pre and post. Move desires decreased 26% and Rest increased 74%. Changes in Move and Rest desires were moderately associated with changes in perceived physical fatigue and energy. In Study 5, 41 university students sat quietly during a 50-min lecture. They completed the CRAVE at 3 time points. Move increased 19.6% and Rest decreased 16.7%. Small correlations were detected between move and both perceived energy and tiredness, but not calmness or tension. In conclusion, the CRAVE scale has good psychometric properties. These data also support tenets of the WANT model of motivation states for movement and rest (Stults-Kolehmainen et al., 2020a). Future studies need to explore how desires to move/rest relate to dynamic changes in physical activity and sedentarism.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of Motivation States for Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Development and Validation of the CRAVE Scale

et al. 2021

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“…We also suggest that it could be fruitful to consider this or related process models. For example, it may be useful to more carefully examine how discounting relates to energy-in and energy-out behaviours such as eating (Appelhans et al, 2012) and exercise (Albelwi, Rogers, & Kubis, 2019), respectively.…”

Section: Empirical Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Third, we may need to go beyond correlating hyperbolic discount rates with BMI. It might be informative to further examine how discount rates affect both energy-in processes (Appelhans et al, 2012;Rollins, Dearing, & Epstein, 2010) as well as energy-out processes (Albelwi et al, 2019) separately. Further, Price, Higgs, Maw, and Lee (2016) suggest that moving from the 1-parameter hyperbolic discount function to dual-parameter discount functions may shed light on sub-processes of delay discounting which vary in obese and non-obese participants.…”

Section: Ways Forwardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal discounting does not influence body mass index

Veillard

Vincent

2020

Physiology & Behavior

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The prevalence of obesity has driven searches for cognitive or behavioural economic factors related to Body Mass Index (BMI). One candidate is delay discounting: those who prefer smaller sooner rewards over larger but later rewards are hypothesised to have higher BMI. The findings in the literature are mixed however, with meta analyses suggesting only a very small correlation between discounting and BMI. Here we present novel empirical data (N = 381) and Bayesian analyses which suggest no such relationship between discounting of either monetary or weight loss rewards and BMI. We also find evidence against our novel proposal that discounting moderates the rate of BMI gain over time. We also present our data in the context of a random effects Bayesian meta-analytical result which does suggest the presence of a small correlation overall. The strength of the correlation is so weak (2.25% shared variance) that its practical significance may be minor to non existent. However because we found decisive evidence for unaccounted for study-level variance, due to study heterogeneity, we argue that we should treat such meta-analytic correlations with extreme caution. While the relationship between discounting and health outcomes such as BMI remain theoretically appealing, our empirical and meta-analytic results suggest we should be cautious in inferring a correlational, let alone a causal, role for discounting processes in driving BMI or moderating BMI gain with age.

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“…Furthermore, as human movement is adaptable and results in greater environmental fitness, it seems likely that it would be wanted at some basic level (123). Even in modern humans, exercise is rewarding for many individuals, similar to food or money (158). The WANT model predicts that desires/wants for movement might even reach levels of strong urges or cravings (17).…”

Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of motivation states for physical activity and sedentary behavior: Development and validation of the CRAVE scale

Stults‐Kolehmainen

Blacutt

Gilson

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Energy expenditure undulates throughout the day and likely motivation for it. The aim of this investigation was to create a short assessment (CRAVE) to measure transient wants or desires for physical activity and sedentary behaviors. Five studies were conducted to construct and validate the scale, with 1035 subjects completing the scale a total of 1,697 times. In Study 1, participants (n= 402, M_age = 20.9 +/- 3.2) completed a questionnaire inquiring about the 'want' or 'desire' to perform behaviors 'at the present moment'. Seven items related to physical activity (e.g., move my body). Eight items addressed sedentary behaviors (e.g., rest my body). Exploratory factor analysis revealed that 13 items should be retained, loading onto two factors (rest, move). In Study 2 (n= 444, M_age = 20.3 +/- 2.9) a confirmatory factor analysis revealed a good fit for the model (CFI=.99, RMSEA=.049). Items loaded strongly onto two latent factors (>.7). Rest/move were inversely related for both sets of factor analyses (-.75 for both). In Study 3, 127 participants (M_age= 28.1 +/- 7.9) completed the CRAVE up to 10 times over a 2-year period. Cronbach alphas were high (>.86). A linear mixed model revealed that test-retest reliability was stronger when the CRAVE was administered twice on the same day (>.73) than compared to retest over 6-month intervals (>.37). In Study 4, a maximal treadmill test was completed by 21 participants (M_age = 20.5 +/- 1.4). The CRAVE was completed immediately pre and post, along with other surveys for perceived physical fatigue. Desire to move decreased 35% and rest increased 61%. Changes in perceived physical fatigue correlated with move (r= -.52) and rest (r= .53). In Study 5, 41 university students (M_age = 22.5 +/- 5.1) sat quietly during a 50-minute lecture. They completed the CRAVE at 3 times points along with the Activation/Deactivation Checklist. Desire to move increased 15% while rest decreased 15%. Perceived energy, but not tension, was related to both move (r= .38) and rest (r= -.38). In conclusion, the CRAVE scale has good psychometric properties. Future studies need to explore how desires to move and rest relate to dynamic changes in physical activity and sedentarism.

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Exercise as a reward: Self-paced exercise perception and delay discounting in comparison with food and money

Cited by 12 publications

References 79 publications

Measurement of Motivation States for Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Development and Validation of the CRAVE Scale

Measurement of Motivation States for Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Development and Validation of the CRAVE Scale

Temporal discounting does not influence body mass index

Measurement of motivation states for physical activity and sedentary behavior: Development and validation of the CRAVE scale

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