Exercise for Brain Health: An Investigation into the Underlying Mechanisms Guided by Dose

Cabral, Danylo F.; Rice, Jordyn; Morris, Timothy P.; Rundek, Tatjana; Pascual‐Leone, Álvaro; Gomes‐Osman, Joyce

doi:10.1007/s13311-019-00749-w

Cited by 99 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 125 publications

(174 reference statements)

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“…Evidence suggests that the longer the duration of physical activity, the greater the effect of physical activity on cognitive function. [16] The ndings for the Initiation-PA group may therefore re ect the shorter duration of exercise compared to the Maintenance-PA group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Association between physical activity and conversion from mild cognitive impairment to dementia

Kim

Baek

Cho

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Physical activity has been suggested to prevent the conversion of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to dementia in patients. We investigated the association between the continuance and regularity of physical activity and the risk of developing dementia in patients with MCI. Methods We analyzed 6-year followed up data for 247,149 individuals in the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) cohort of Korea who were enrolled between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2015. The patients were divided into four groups: those who did not engage in physical activity consistently (Never-PA group), those who initiated physical activity (Initiation-PA group), those who ceased physical activity (Withdrawal-PA group), and those who performed physical activity consistently (Maintenance-PA group). We also divided the patients into two groups: those who engaged in physical activity irregularly (Irregular-PA) and those who undertook physical activity regularly (Regular-PA). Results When the risk for the Never-PA group was set as the benchmark (ref=1), the Maintenance-PA group had the lowest incidence of dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) compared to the other groups (HR= 0.82, 95% CI 0.79-0.86 ). The DAT risk of Initiation-PA group (HR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.85-0.93 ) was lower than the Never-PA group. In addition, compared to the Irregular-PA group, the Regular-PA group had a 15% reduced risk for developing DAT. Conclusions Although no causal inference could be made, continued regular physical activity in patients with MCI is associated with a protective effect against developing DAT. Moreover, ceasing physical activity could halt this protective effect.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Association between physical activity and conversion from mild cognitive impairment to dementia

Kim

Baek

Cho

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Moreover, there is considerable evidence that exercise can protect, maintain, or rejuvenate the brain (Cui et al, 2009;Kumar et al, 2012;Speisman et al, 2013;Voss et al, 2013). Thus, the short-duration (24 h) aerobic exercise (activity wheel running), which preceded cognitive testing by approximately a week, may have influenced the brain and cognitive function (Cabral et al, 2019). However, it is important to emphasize that we did not control the level of wheel running.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal Characterization and Biomarkers of Age and Sex Differences in the Decline of Spatial Memory

Febo

Rani

Yegla

et al. 2020

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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The current longitudinal study examined factors (sex, physical function, response to novelty, ability to adapt to a shift in light/dark cycle, brain connectivity), which might predict the emergence of impaired memory during aging. Male and female Fisher 344 rats were tested at 6, 12, and 18 months of age. Impaired spatial memory developed in middle-age (12 months), particularly in males, and the propensity for impairment increased with advanced age. A reduced response to novelty was observed over the course of aging, which is inconsistent with cross-sectional studies. This divergence likely resulted from differences in the history of environmental enrichment/impoverishment for cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Animals that exhibited lower level exploration of the inner region on the open field test exhibited better memory at 12 months. Furthermore, males that exhibited a longer latency to enter a novel environment at 6 months, exhibited better memory at 12 months. For females, memory at 12 months was correlated with the ability to behaviorally adapt to a shift in light/dark cycle. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, conducted at 12 months, indicated that the decline in memory was associated with altered functional connectivity within different memory systems, most notably between the hippocampus and multiple regions such as the retrosplenial cortex, thalamus, striatum, and amygdala. Overall, some factors, specifically response to novelty at an early age and the capacity to adapt to shifts in light cycle, predicted spatial memory in middle-age, and spatial memory is associated with corresponding changes in brain connectivity. We discuss similarities and differences related to previous longitudinal and cross-sectional studies, as well as the role of sex differences in providing a theoretical framework to guide future longitudinal research on the trajectory of cognitive decline. In addition to demonstrating the power of longitudinal studies, these data highlight the importance of middle-age for identifying potential predictive indicators of sexual dimorphism in the trajectory in brain and cognitive aging.

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“…There is a vast amount of evidence showing that participation in regular aerobic exercise has many positive effects on brain and cognitive functions, particularly on those dependent on mechanisms of neuroplasticity (Cabral et al, ; Cotman, Berchtold, & Christie, ; Gomes‐Osman et al, ; Hillman, Erickson, & Kramer, ). Domain specific improvements in cognitive function have been reported, and much focus has been placed on exercise‐induced improvements in executive functions (Etnier & Chang, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light aerobic exercise modulates executive function and cortical excitability

Morris

Fried

Macone

et al. 2019

Eur J of Neuroscience

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Single bouts of aerobic exercise can modulate cortical excitability and executive cognitive function, but less is known about the effect of light-intensity exercise, an intensity of exercise more achievable for certain clinical populations. Fourteen healthy adults (aged 22 to 30) completed the following study procedures twice (≥7 days apart) before and after 30 min of either light aerobic exercise (cycling) or seated rest: neurocognitive battery (multitasking performance, inhibitory control and spatial working memory), paired-pulse TMS measures of cortical excitability. Significant improvements in response times during multitasking performance and increases in intracortical facilitation (ICF) were seen following light aerobic exercise. Light aerobic exercise can modulate cortical excitability and some executive function tasks.Populations with deficits in multitasking ability may benefit from this intervention. K E Y W O R D S cortical excitability, executive function, exercise, neuroplasticity How to cite this article: Morris TP, Fried PJ, Macone J, et al. Light aerobic exercise modulates executive function and cortical excitability. Eur J Neurosci.

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Exercise for Brain Health: An Investigation into the Underlying Mechanisms Guided by Dose

Cited by 99 publications

References 125 publications

Association between physical activity and conversion from mild cognitive impairment to dementia

Association between physical activity and conversion from mild cognitive impairment to dementia

Longitudinal Characterization and Biomarkers of Age and Sex Differences in the Decline of Spatial Memory

Light aerobic exercise modulates executive function and cortical excitability

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