Exercise Increases the Preference for Salt in Humans

Leshem, Micah; Abutbul, Avraham; Eilon, R.

doi:10.1006/appe.1999.0228

Cited by 60 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…A possible mechanism underlying changes in hedonics during exercise may be related to changing opioid peptide levels during exercise. Such a mechanism could be involved in the selective changes in hedonics observed in this and previous studies (Horio & Kawamura, 1998;Leshem et al, 1999;Lluch et al, 1998). Here, a change was observed in palatability for the otherwise least preferred flavor.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 33%

“…These results suggest that endogenous opioids are involved in the hedonic value of foods while eating (Yeomans & Wright, 1991). While we do not have direct evidence of the physiological mechanism underlying the relationship between exercise and palatability, research has pointed to an effect of exercise on hedonic rating of food in dietary restrained women (Lluch et al, 1998), preference for salted soup in males (Leshem et al, 1999), and preference for various sapid solutions in university students (Horio & Kawamura, 1998). In all instances, there was an increase in the perceived pleasantness of selected food or beverage items.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

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Impact of beverage acceptability on fluid intake during exercise

2000

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 33%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Impact of beverage acceptability on fluid intake during exercise

2000

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“…This is likely due to PJ's high sodium content and acidity. Humans have an increased preference for sodium after exercise, 30 and eunatremic participants tend to have a greater aversion to high quantities of sodium. 31 Moreover, humans have a general aversion to sour taste stimuli.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastric Emptying After Pickle-Juice Ingestion in Rested, Euhydrated Humans

Miller

Mack

Knight

2010

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Small volumes of pickle juice (PJ) relieve muscle cramps within 85 seconds of ingestion without significantly affecting plasma variables. This effect may be neurologic rather than metabolic. Understanding PJ's gastric emptying would help to strengthen this theory.Objective: To compare gastric emptying and plasma variables after PJ and deionized water (DIW) ingestion.Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory.Patients or Other Participants: Ten men (age 5 25.4 6 0.7 years, height 5 177.1 6 1.6 cm, mass 5 78.1 6 3.6 kg).Intervention(s): Rested, euhydrated, and eunatremic participants ingested 7 mL?kg 21 body mass of PJ or DIW on separate days.Main Outcome Measure(s): Gastric volume was measured at 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes postingestion (using the phenol red dilution technique). Percentage changes in plasma volume and plasma sodium concentration were measured preingestion (245 minutes) and at 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes postingestion.Results: Initial gastric volume was 624.5 6 27.4 mL for PJ and 659.5 6 43.8 mL for DIW (P . .05). Both fluids began to empty within the first 5 minutes (volume emptied: PJ 5 219.2 6 39.1 mL, DIW 5 305.0 6 40.5 mL, P , .05). Participants who ingested PJ did not empty further after the first 5 minutes (P . .05), whereas in those who ingested DIW, gastric volume decreased to 111.6 6 39.9 mL by 30 minutes (P , .05). The DIW group emptied faster than the PJ group between 20 and 30 minutes postingestion (P , .05). Within 5 minutes of PJ ingestion, plasma volume decreased 4.8% 6 1.6%, whereas plasma sodium concentration increased 1.6 6 0.5 mmol?L 21 (P , .05). Similar changes occurred after DIW ingestion. Calculated plasma sodium content was unchanged for both fluids (P . .05).Conclusions: The initial decrease in gastric volume with both fluids is likely attributable to gastric distension. Failure of the PJ group to empty afterward is likely due to PJ's osmolality and acidity. Cardiovascular reflexes resulting from gastric distension are likely responsible for the plasma volume shift and rise in plasma sodium concentration despite nonsignificant changes in plasma sodium content. These data support our theory that PJ does not relieve cramps via a metabolic mechanism.Key Words: acetic acid, electrolytes, sodium, stomach, vinegar Key Points N Ingestion of large volumes of pickle juice and deionized water resulted in initially similar gastric-emptying rates. N However, compared with ingestion of deionized water, gastric volume was greater at 20 and 30 minutes after ingestion of pickle juice. This difference is likely due to the osmolality and acidity of pickle juice.N After ingestion of pickle juice, gastric distension likely triggers cardiovascular reflexes, causing hypotonic fluid to shift out of the intravascular space. S keletal muscle cramps occurring during or shortly after exercise have been termed exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMC). These cramps affect athletes including marathoners 1 and American football players. 2 Despite their prevalence, the cause of EAMC is unknow...

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“…The effect of flavoring on ad libitum drinking is well established. 15,16 After exercise, humans have an increased preference for sweet 29 and salty 30 drinks, whereas their preference for bittertasting drinks 29 remains unchanged. Despite humans having an increased preference for Na þ after exercise, 30 the mild fluid (and likely Na þ ) losses in the current study were likely not great enough to alter participants' perceived palatability of pickle juice.…”

Section: Perceptual Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ad Libitum Fluid Intake and Plasma Responses After Pickle Juice, Hypertonic Saline, or Deionized Water Ingestion

Allen

Miller

Albrecht

et al. 2013

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Adding sodium (Na þ ) to drinks improves rehydration and ad libitum fluid consumption. Clinicians (~25%) use pickle juice (PJ) to treat cramping. Scientists warn against PJ ingestion, fearing it will cause rapid plasma volume restoration and thereby decrease thirst and delay rehydration. Advice about drinking PJ has been developed but never tested.Objective: To determine if drinking small volumes of PJ, hypertonic saline (HS), or deionized water (DIW) affects ad libitum DIW ingestion, plasma variables, or perceptual indicators.Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory.Patients or Other Participants: Fifteen, euhydrated (urine specific gravity 1.01) men (age ¼ 22 6 2 years, height ¼ 178 6 6 cm, mass ¼ 82.9 6 8.4 kg).Intervention(s): Participants completed 3 testing days (!72 hours between days). After a 30-minute rest, a blood sample was collected. Participants completed 60 minutes of hard exercise (temperature ¼ 36 6 28C, relative humidity ¼ 16 6 1%). Postexercise, they rested for 30 minutes; had a blood sample collected; rated thirst, fullness, and nausea; and ingested 83 6 8 mL of PJ, HS, or DIW. They rated drink palatability (100-mm visual analog scale) and were allowed to drink DIW ad libitum for 60 minutes. Blood samples and thirst, fullness, and nausea ratings (100-mm visual analog scales) were collected at 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes posttreatment drink ingestion.Main Outcome Measure(s): Ad libitum DIW volume, percentage change in plasma volume, plasma osmolality (OSM p ,) plasma sodium concentration ([Na þ ] p ), and thirst, fullness, nausea, and palatability ratings.Results: Participants consumed more DIW ad libitum after HS (708.03 6 371.03 mL) than after DIW (532.99 6 337.14 mL, P , .05). Ad libitum DIW ingested after PJ (700.35 6 366.15 mL) was similar to that after HS and DIW (P . .05). Plasma sodium concentration, OSM p , percentage change in plasma volume, thirst, fullness, and nausea did not differ among treatment drinks over time (P . .05). Deionized water (73 6 14 mm) was more palatable than HS (17 6 13 mm) or PJ (26 6 16 mm, P , .05).Conclusions: The rationale behind advice about drinking PJ is questionable. Participants drank more, not less, after PJ ingestion, and plasma variables and perceptual indicators were similar after PJ and DIW ingestion. Pickle juice did not inhibit short-term rehydration.

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Exercise Increases the Preference for Salt in Humans

Cited by 60 publications

References 36 publications

Impact of beverage acceptability on fluid intake during exercise

Impact of beverage acceptability on fluid intake during exercise

Gastric Emptying After Pickle-Juice Ingestion in Rested, Euhydrated Humans

Ad Libitum Fluid Intake and Plasma Responses After Pickle Juice, Hypertonic Saline, or Deionized Water Ingestion

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