Exhaled breath analysis: Novel approach for early detection of lung cancer

Cancer cells metabolically "fertilize" the tumor microenvironment with hydrogen peroxide, driving the Warburg effect

“…98 Similarly, human breast and lung cancer patients can be positively identified by examining their exhaled breath for the presence of hydrogen peroxide. [99][100][101] In accordance with their idea that hydrogen peroxide may be produced by the tumor stroma, the exhaled breath of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis also shows increased levels of hydrogen peroxide. 102 Finally, tumor cell production of hydrogen peroxide drives NFκB-activation in adjacent normal cells in culture 6 and during metastasis, 103 directly implicating the use of antioxidants, NFκB-inhibitors and anti-inflammatory agents, in the treatment of aggressive human cancers.…”

Hydrogen peroxide fuels aging, inflammation, cancer metabolism and metastasis

“…126,127 can be distinguished from normal controls, based on the detection of hydrogen peroxide in their exhaled breath. [110][111][112] Consistent with the idea that hydrogen peroxide may also originate from the tumor stroma, patients with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis show increased levels of hydrogen peroxide in their exhaled breath. 113 Also, patients with pulmonary fibrosis show a loss of stromal Cav-1 expression, providing another mechanistic link.…”

Detection of cancer embryo antigen and endothelin-1 in exhaled breath condensate: A novel approach to investigate non-small cell lung cancer

“…EBC collection techniques exhibit several advantages, including non-invasiveness, simplicity in their execution and high repeatability (5,6). The detection of tumour markers in EBC may be a novel approach to diagnose lung cancer in the early stages and in screens of high-risk groups (7)(8)(9)(10). In the present study, cancer embryo antigen (CEA) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were detected in the EBC of 133 patients with NSCLC.…”