Exhaust Emissions and Energy Consumption Analysis of Conventional, Hybrid, and Electric Vehicles in Real Driving Cycles

Pielecha, Jacek; Skobiej, Kinga; Kurtyka, Karolina

doi:10.3390/en13236423

Cited by 64 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Pielecha et al [15] compared vehicles of different powertrains: conventional, plug-in hybrid, and electric, in tests under actual traffic conditions. They showed that the plug-in hybrid consumes 20% less energy than the conventional vehicle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plug-in Hybrid Ecological Category in Real Driving Emissions

Skobiej

Pielecha

2021

Energies

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Transportation, as one of the most growing industries, is problematic due to environmental pollution. A solution to reduce the environmental burden is stricter emission standards and homologation tests that correspond to the actual conditions of vehicle use. Another solution is the widespread introduction of hybrid vehicles—especially the plug-in type. Due to exhaust emission tests in RDE (real driving emissions) tests, it is possible to determine the real ecological aspects of these vehicles. The authors of this paper used RDE testing of the exhaust emissions of plug-in hybrid vehicles and on this basis evaluated various hybrid vehicles from an ecological point of view. An innovative solution proposed by the authors is to define classes of plug-in hybrid vehicles (classes from A to C) due to exhaust emissions. An innovative way is to determine the extreme results of exhaust gas emission within the range of acceptable scatter of the obtained results. By valuating vehicles, it will be possible in the future to determine the guidelines useful in designing more environmentally friendly power units in plug-in hybrid vehicles.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plug-in Hybrid Ecological Category in Real Driving Emissions

Skobiej

Pielecha

2021

Energies

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“…Comparison of three types of powertrain: gasoline, hybrid, and electric, in terms of an RDC test, was performed by Pielecha J. et al, 2020 [55]. During the RDE test, the lowest accumulated energy demand was achieved for the electric vehicle, approximately 30% lower than the combustion engine and 10% lower than a plug-in hybrid powertrain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the RDE test, the lowest accumulated energy demand was achieved for the electric vehicle, approximately 30% lower than the combustion engine and 10% lower than a plug-in hybrid powertrain. In the research presented, like in [55], energy consumption was analyzed separately for each road type and in terms of ambient climate conditions, not powertrain type. In [36], the influence of drive mode and braking strategy on energy flow in small-sized EV was investigated within the RDC test requirements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Analysis of Residential Photovoltaic (PV) and Electric Vehicle (EV) Systems in Terms of Annual Energy Utilization

et al. 2021

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Electrification of powertrain systems offers numerous advantages in the global trend in vehicular applications. A wide range of energy sources and zero-emission propulsion in the tank to wheel significantly add to electric vehicles’ (EV) attractiveness. This paper presents analyses of the energy balance between micro-photovoltaic (PV) installation and small electric vehicle in real conditions. It is based on monitoring PV panel’s energy production and car electricity consumption. The methodology included energy data from real household PV installation (the most common renewable energy source in Poland), electric vehicle energy consumption during real driving conditions, and drivetrain operating parameters, all collected over a period of one year by indirect measuring. A correlation between energy produced by the micro-PV installation and small electric car energy consumption was described. In the Winter, small electric car energy consumption amounted to 14.9 kWh per 100 km and was 14% greater than summer, based on test requirements of real driving conditions. The 4.48 kW PV installation located in Poznań produced 4101 kWh energy in 258 days. The calculation indicated 1406 kWh energy was available for EV charging after household electricity consumption subtraction. The zero-emission daily distance analysis was done by the simplified method.

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“…The total energy consumption of a car is often presented in (MJ) or per km or per 100 km. This reference is unreliable since it is related to a specific car and specific components of the CARE system, hence in many scientific papers [21,33,34], the total energy intensity of the car is related to the mass and the distance travelled. Such a reference is defined as the total unit energy consumption of a car (9):…”

Section: Total Unit Energy Consumption Of the Carmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Total Unit Energy Consumption of a Car with a Hybrid Drive System in Real Operating Conditions

2021

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The market demand for vehicles with reduced energy consumption, as well as increasingly stringent standards limiting CO2 emissions, are the focus of a large number of research works undertaken in the analysis of the energy consumption of cars in real operating conditions. Taking into account the growing share of hybrid drive units on the automotive market, the aim of the article is to analyse the total unit energy consumption of a car operating in real road conditions, equipped with an advanced hybrid drive system of the PHEV (plug-in hybrid electric vehicles) type. In this paper, special attention has been paid to the total unit energy consumption of a car resulting from the cooperation of the two independent power units, internal combustion and electric. The results obtained for the individual drive units were presented in the form of a new unit index of the car, which allows us to compare the consumption of energy obtained from fuel with the use of electricity supported from the car’s batteries, during journeys in real road conditions. The presented research results indicate a several-fold increase in the total unit energy consumption of a car powered by an internal combustion engine compared to an electric car. The values of the total unit energy consumption of the car in real road conditions for the internal combustion drive are within the range 1.25–2.95 (J/(kg · m)) in relation to the electric drive 0.27–1.1 (J/(kg · m)) in terms of instantaneous values. In terms of average values, the appropriate values for only the combustion engine are 1.54 (J/(kg · m)) and for the electric drive only are 0.45 (J/(kg · m)) which results in the internal combustion engine values being 3.4 times higher than the electric values. It is the combustion of fuel that causes the greatest increase in energy supplied from the drive unit to the car’s propulsion system in the TTW (tank to wheels) system. At the same time this component is responsible for energy losses and CO2 emissions to the environment. The results were analysed to identify the differences between the actual life cycle energy consumption of the hybrid powertrain and the WLTP (Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Test Procedure) homologation cycle.

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Exhaust Emissions and Energy Consumption Analysis of Conventional, Hybrid, and Electric Vehicles in Real Driving Cycles

Cited by 64 publications

References 16 publications

Plug-in Hybrid Ecological Category in Real Driving Emissions

Plug-in Hybrid Ecological Category in Real Driving Emissions

Experimental Analysis of Residential Photovoltaic (PV) and Electric Vehicle (EV) Systems in Terms of Annual Energy Utilization

Analysis of the Total Unit Energy Consumption of a Car with a Hybrid Drive System in Real Operating Conditions

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