Exocytosis from a single rat chromaffin cell by cholinergic and peptidergic neurotransmitters

Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide and Its Receptors: 20 Years after the Discovery

“…In adrenal chromaffin cells, PACAP exerts a stimulatory action on catecholamine secretion Isobe et al, 1993;Chowdhury et al, 1994;Guo and Wakade, 1994;Houchi et al, 1994;Perrin et al, 1995;Neri et al, 1996;Jorgensen et al, 2000;Fukushima et al, 2002;Douglas et al, 2008;Valiante et al, 2008). PACAP also stimulates the release of brain natriuretic peptide and enkephalins, two regulatory peptides that are cosequestered with catecholamines in chromaffin granules (Babinski et al, 1996;Hahm et al, 1998) as well as a 15-fold increase in VIP mRNA expression (Lee et al, 1999a).…”

Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Induces a Sustained Increase in Intracellular Free Ca2+Concentration and Catecholamine Release by Activating Ca2+Influx via Receptor-Stimulated Ca2+Entry, Independent of Store-Operated Ca2+Channels, and Voltage-Dependent Ca2+Channels in Bovine Adrenal Medullary Chromaffin Cells

“…PACAP, widely distributed in the central nervous system and peripheral organs, is present in large amounts in adrenal glands . It is a very potent secretagogue for catecholamine (CA) from the adrenal medulla (Watanabe et al, 1992;Isobe et al, 1993;Chowdhury et al, 1994;Guo and Wakade, 1994;Perrin et al, 1995;Babinski et al, 1996;Neri et al, 1996;Przywara et al, 1996;Tanaka et al, 1996;Geng et al, 1997). PACAP immunoreactive fibers innervate adrenal chromaffin cells (Tornøe et al, 2000), and splanchnic nerve stimulation increases PACAP-(1-38) release from perfused porcine adrenal gland (Tornøe et al, 2000).…”

Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase‐Activating Polypeptide Causes Ca2+ Release from Ryanodine/Caffeine Stores Through a Novel Pathway Independent of Both Inositol Trisphosphates and Cyclic AMP in Bovine Adrenal Medullary Cells

“…This view has been supported by the following findings: (a) the adrenal gland contains the second highest concentration of PA-CAP among peripheral organs (Arimura et al, 1991); (b) PACAP-like immunoreactivity is found in the nerve endings innervating the adrenal medulla, as well as in adrenal medullary cells (Tabarin et al, 1994;Frödin et al, 1995;Shiotani et al, 1995); (c) the adrenal medullary cells express PACAP type-I receptor (PACAP-preferring receptor) mRNA (Spengler et al, 1993); and (d) PACAP increases catecholamine release, intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP), inositol trisphosphates (1P 3), and the intracellular Ca 2~concentra-tion ([Ca2~I~) (Watanabe et al, 1992;Isobe et al, 1993;Chowdhury et al, 1994;Guo and Wakade, 1994;Tanaka et al, 1996). PACAP type-I receptors are seven-helix receptors, and five splicing variants with insertions at the C-terminal end of the third intracellular ioop are reported (PACAP-R, PACAP-R-hip, PACAP-R-hop1, PACAP-R-hop2, PACAP-R-hip-hopl) (Spengler et al, 1993).…”