Sustainable development is commonly traced to the 'Bruntland Report'. However, its origins wind their way back through earlier UN conferences, 18th and 19th century political economic thought, Rousseauian ideals, the modernism founded on Bacon and Descartes, early Christian utopianism, and classical utopias such as Republic and New Atlantis, which expressed themes of social justice, environmental stewardship and economic growth. This article follows these utopian themes back through the history of sustainable development thought, relying on contemporary histories and reviews of the field as well as certain original texts. We also identify these threads within, and their impact upon, contemporary narratives and debates. We conclude with the suggestion that awareness of these discursive streams can assist in the effective use of the tools and concepts available for sustainable development efforts. drew on the Christian utopianism that preceded his work (Allenby, 2005) and built on the egalitarian 'golden age of morality' to develop a new, but secular, utopian philosophy. Marx's utopian thought contains multiple streams. One has similarities to the modernist, industrially driven economy discussed in the previous section, in which 'modern people came to see life in general through the lens of
274J. Harlow et al.Berman also explores such tensions, focusing on how development discourse takes the desirability of modernity for granted regardless of consequences or context (Berman, 1985). James O'Connor adds his commentary, 'The