Exogenous polyamines enhance copper tolerance of Nymphoides peltatum

Influence of copper ions on growth, lipid peroxidation, and proline and polyamines content in carrot rosettes obtained from anther culture

“…It was shown that the elevation of (Spd ? Spm)/Put reduced the accumulation of Cu in the leaves of Nymphoides peltatum, markedly reversed negative Cu-induced effects and improved Cu tolerance in these plants similar to that in the 1014 line by maintaining the structure and function of membranes (Wang et al 2007). Taking into consideration the elevated level of proline in this culture (Fig.…”

“…Also, PAs play an important role in protecting plants against biotic and abiotic stresses (Bouchereau et al 1999), and enhancement of their metabolism is one of the responses to heavy metal stress. The heavy metal-induced changes of the endogenous PAs have been reported in various plants (Wang et al 2007); however, a specific role of these compounds is unknown. They may reduce the oxidative damage by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes (Zhang et al 2009) and they have also been suggested to function as metal chelators (Lovaas 1996) and/or as direct or indirect free radical scavengers (Ha et al 1998).…”

Polyamines and their ability to provide environmental stress tolerance to plants

“…Therefore, in order to understand whether polyamines actually protect cells from stress-derived injuries, an exogenous application of polyamines, which is expected to increase endogenous polyamines, has been attempted before or during stress (Borrel et al 1996;Velikova et al 1998Velikova et al , 2000Navakoudis et al 2003;Wang et al 2006). Most of this research demonstrated that exogenous polyamines could, in varying degrees, reverse growth or minimize growth inhibition caused by stress, indicating that polyamines are effective at mitigating stress-derived cell injury.…”

“…However, the protective effects of individual polyamines are somewhat different. For example, Spm and/or Spd was shown to be effective for reversing the inhibitory effect of acid rain (pH 1.8) on bean (Velikova et al 1998(Velikova et al , 2000, mitigating salt injury on wheat (Iqbal and Ashraf 2005), reducing ozonederived injury on potato (Ormord and Beckerson 1986), and enhancing copper tolerance in Nymphoides peltatum (Wang et al 2006). In contrast, Tang and Newton (2005) and Ndayiragije and Lutts (2006) reported that Put was more effective for reducing salt-induced oxidative damage in Virginia pine and alleviating NaCl-derived cell damage in rice, respectively.…”

Exogenous application of spermidine enhanced tolerance of pepper against Phytophthora capsici stress

“…Exogenous application of Spd was shown to modulate resistance against Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in tobacco and Arabidopsis. Previous research found that exogenous Spd treatment altered reactive oxygen species (ROS) level (Wan et al 2007).…”