Exopolysaccharides from Basidiomycota: Formation, isolation and techno‐functional properties

Abstract

This Mini Review gives an overview of and respective references for the production and properties of exopolysaccharides from Basidiomycota in submerged cultivation. Media and conditions that are usually applied in laboratory culture are summarized, and the lack of studies related to up‐scaling is addressed. Procedures for isolation and purification of the exopolysaccharides from the fermentation media are reviewed, and challenges related to exopolysaccharide quantification are discussed. Finally, the techno‐functional properties of the respective exopolysaccharides, and potential applications in foods are addressed.

Bioactivity of Biomass and Crude Exopolysaccharides Obtained by Controlled Submerged Cultivation of Medicinal Mushroom Trametes versicolor

“…The biomass and EPS yield strongly depended on the strain and cultivation techniques as well as the different precipitation methods used for EPS recovery. Submerged cultivation is a reliable alternative for obtaining macrofungal biomass and valuable metabolites Moreover, this cultivation technique allows biologically active extracellular polysaccharides to be generated in addition to biomass [ 2 , 24 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 ]. According to Elisashvili [ 59 ], the main functions of EPS are to support mushroom adhesion to the substrate, to prevent hyphal dehydration, to store excess nutrients and to facilitate lignin degradation.…”

“…According to Elisashvili [ 59 ], the main functions of EPS are to support mushroom adhesion to the substrate, to prevent hyphal dehydration, to store excess nutrients and to facilitate lignin degradation. The most reported biomass yields ranged between 0.1 and 16.0 g/L after 14 days of cultivation of different basidiomycetes strains [ 60 , 64 ]. According to the study of Osińska-Jaroszuk et al [ 65 ], macromycetes belonging to the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota division produced EPS from 0.12 to 42.24 g/L.…”

“…The same findings were only reported by Bolla et al [ 25 ]. According to Jaros et al [ 60 ], due to the quick crystallization of pure water the concentration of EPS in the remaining liquid fraction increases until the macromolecules precipitate upon exceeding a solubility threshold. This method for EPS precipitation could be considered an environmentally friendly one because it does not need to use an organic solvent.…”

“…It was observed that the EPS were only partially soluble–around 45% was dissolved. The polysaccharide solubility could be negatively affected by precipitation or drying methods, and its decrease was probably consequent to conformational changes [ 60 ].…”

Bioactivity assessment of exopolysaccharides produced by Pleurotus pulmonarius in submerged culture with different agro-waste residues

“…Solid state fermentation and submerged cultivation of Basidiomycota are much faster biotechnological processing as a promising tool for industrial production of exopolysaccharides. Submerged cultivation of fungal mycelium is still attractive alternative to produce high-value metabolites; exopolysaccharides (EPS), which are often synthesize in the cell membrane through the action of enzymes ( Jaros et al., 2018 ). Trametes versicolor, Lentinula edodes , and Pleurotus ostreatus grown on twelve formulations of different inexpensive lignocellulosic biomass such as oak sawdust, coconut fiber (hairs), coffee husks, and corn bran plus soybean oil produced better yield of polysaccharides ( Sánchez and Montoya, 2020 ).…”