Expanding Global Distribution of Rotavirus Serotype G9: Detection in Libya, Kenya, and Cuba

Abstract

Serotype G9 may be the fifth most common human rotavirus serotype, after serotypes G1 to G4. In three cross-sectional studies of childhood diarrhea, we have detected serotype G9 rotaviruses for the first time in Libya, Kenya, and Cuba. Serotype G9 constituted 27% of all rotaviruses identified, emphasizing the reemergence of serotype G9 and suggesting that future human rotavirus vaccines will need to protect against disease caused by this serotype.

Eight-Year Survey of Human Rotavirus Strains Demonstrates Circulation of Unusual G and P Types in Hungary

“…Common genotypes included P [8],G1, P [8],G3, P [8],G4, P [8],G9, and P [4],G2 combinations, of which P [8] strains were usually associated with sg II specificity and the long (L) electropherotype, whereas P [4] strains were usually linked to sg I specificity and the short (S) electropherotype. A variety of strains with unusual linkages were identified, such as P [6],G4 sg II L, P [8],G9 sg I L, P [9],G3 sg I L, P [4],G2 sg I L, P [9],G6 sg I L, and P [14],G6 sg I L. Genotype P [14] was determined by nucleic acid sequencing (4). In this list of unusual genotype combinations, a subgroup was assigned only for those specimens for which there was clear reactivity with one subgroup-specific MAb and low reactivity with the other subgroup-specific MAb (i.e., samples that met the definition of a subgroup-specific reaction).…”

“…Such prevalence of human G6 rotaviruses has been rarely recognized (27), although single, sporadic cases associated with serotype G6 infection were reported from Italy, Australia, and the United States (16,21,37). In contrast, the emergence of G9 rotaviruses has recently been demonstrated worldwide (1,9,20,24,36,45). In Hungary, the first case associated with this serotype was identified in 1998, and in the 1999-2000 season G9 strains represented the second-and fourth-most-prevalent serotypes in the two areas (BP, 15%; BaC, 6.7%), respectively.…”

Human Astrovirus Gastroenteritis in Children, Madagascar, 2004–2005

“…All samples were screened by RT-PCR for astrovirus and norovirus and by ELISA with subsequent genotyping for rotavirus, as described (8)(9)(10)(11). In brief, viral RNA was extracted from 150 μL of 10%-20% fecal suspensions in phosphate-buffered saline by using a guanidine and silica method (12) and reverse transcribed by using random hexamers (Sigma-Genosys, Dorset, UK).…”

Care-seeking behaviour and diagnostic processes for symptomatic giardiasis in children attending an academic paediatric hospital

“…The role of this technique in the diagnosis of giardiasis is subject of controversy; some studies favour this technique; 26,27 however, in others, the results are poor. 28 Although we have not got any evidence which supports the following hypothesis, one of the reasons why only small percentage of practitioners ordered faecal smear examination to a high proportion of cases reporting diarrhoea and vomiting at first consultation could have been that, according to their awareness, illness should have been caused by a viral gastroenteropathic pathogen [29][30][31][32] and treated children accordingly, and also their failure to consider giardiasis, especially under the acute diarrhoeal disease context. As viral infections are most frequent, testing for protozoa is not routinely performed for patients with acute gastroenteritis, because it adds cost without substantially altering treatment.…”