Expanding or Static Universe: Emergence of a New Paradigm

LaViolette, Paul A.

doi:10.4236/ijaa.2021.112011

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…The Universe carries the galaxies during its expansion (Hook, A. et al, 2021). On the other side, photons' wavelength expands while photons travel through space (LaViolette, P. et al, 2021). We see the red and blue shift from the galaxies far away from our galaxy once we look at the data (Cheng, C. et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

How Fast Is the Distance between Earth and the Sun Changing in the Solar System?

Henry¹,

Yurukcu²,

Nnanna³

2021

Preprint

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This paper aims to investigate the rate of expansion and extraction within the solar system. We carried out the Solar system expansion calculations to do such a review. The Universe is expected to look the same from every point in it. After the big bang, Universe is expanding at some speed. Astrophysicists have been in a race to measure precisely how fast the Universe is expanding since Hubble announced that galaxies were systematically moving away from Milky Way Galaxy with a current speed in 1929. Hubble’s observations came after Einstein’s general relativity, which inspired the big bang theory. According to the Big Bang theory, the Universe has created billions of years ago with an explosion and started to expand until today. The expansion of the Universe mostly happens in vast spaces, so clusters of galaxies move away from each other. For example, raising bread during baking will expand, but the raisings will stay the same size while moving each other to expand the bread. Observers have proven that an object (galaxies, a cluster of planets) held together by gravity has a patch of nonexpanding space produced by a gravitational field. However, some observers claimed the solar system is not expanding, while others claimed it is expanding. Does our solar system expand in an expanding Universe? The cosmological expansion of local systems is reviewed in the modern cosmological models. We showed answers related to this question with the help of literature. This review article revisited the proof of the Solar System’s expansion and its speed with about 0.32 nm/s in an expanding Universe.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

How Fast Is the Distance between Earth and the Sun Changing in the Solar System?

Henry¹,

Yurukcu²,

Nnanna³

2021

Preprint

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“…In principle, the issues of very small, but very massive and well-developed galaxies seen at very high redshifts, could be solved by ad hoc adjustments to galaxy formation and growth models. However, a much simpler, although quite radical solution, might be found by shifting the paradigm from an expanding to static Universe, as was proposed by LaViolette [22] and some other researches [23][24][25][26], including one of the authors of the present article [27].…”

mentioning

confidence: 88%

“…The most discussed model of the second type is Zwicky's model based on the idea of a photon's energy dissipation, which is not commonly accepted, but which was found to be the best fit of all cosmological tests together [22] when compared with the same tests applied to the ΛCDM model.…”

Section: Cosmographic Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cosmological Model Tests with JWST

Lovyagin

Raikov

Yershov³

et al. 2022

Galaxies

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The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), which has recently become operational, is capable of detecting objects at record-breaking redshifts, z≳15. This is a crucial advance for observational cosmology, as at these redshifts the differences between alternative cosmological models manifest themselves in the most obvious way. In recent years, some observational hints have emerged indicating that the Standard Cosmological Model could require correcting. One of these hints is related to the discovery of remote galaxies whose redshifts correspond to the very young Universe (less than one billion years after the Big Bang) but which are similar to nearby galaxies. The issue is that such galaxies in the early Universe do not have enough time to evolve into something similar to the late-Universe galaxies. JWST observations of high-redshift objects are expected to shed light on the origin of this issue. Here we provide results on performing the “angular diameter—redshift” cosmological test for the first JWST observation data. We compare this result with predictions of the standard ΛCDM cosmological model and some static cosmological models, including Zwicky’s “tired-light” model. The latter is currently assumed to be ruled out by observations. We challenge this assumption and show that a static model can provide a natural and straightforward way of solving the puzzle of the well-evolved galaxies and better agreements with the results of the JWST “angular diameter—redshift” test at high redshifts than the correcting evolution model within the ΛCDM framework. We discuss several cosmological tests that will be important for further research on the possibility of revising the expanding Universe paradigm.

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An Empirical Consistent Redshift Bias: A Possible Direct Observation of Zwicky’s TL Theory

Shamir

2024

Particles

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Recent advancements have shown tensions between observations and our current understanding of the Universe. Such observations may include the H0 tension and massive galaxies at high redshift that are older than traditional galaxy formation models have predict. Since these observations are based on redshift as the primary distance indicator, a bias in the redshift may explain these tensions. While redshift follows an established model, when applied to astronomy it is based on the assumption that the rotational velocity of the Milky Way galaxy relative to the observed galaxies has a negligible effect on redshift. But given the mysterious nature of the physics of galaxy rotation, that assumption needed to be tested. The test was done by comparing the redshift of galaxies rotating in the same direction relative to the Milky Way to the redshift of galaxies rotating in the opposite direction relative to the Milky Way. The results show that the mean redshift of galaxies that rotate in the same direction relative to the Milky Way is higher than the mean redshift of galaxies that rotate in the opposite direction. Additionally, the redshift difference becomes larger as the redshift gets higher. The consistency of the analysis was verified by comparing data collected by three different telescopes, annotated using four different methods, released by three different research teams, and covering both the northern and southern ends of the galactic pole. All the datasets are in excellent agreement with each other, showing consistency in the observed redshift bias. Given the “reproducibility crisis” in science, all the datasets used in this study are publicly available, and the results can be easily reproduced. This observation could be the first direct empirical reproducible observation for the Zwicky’s “tired-light” model.

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Expanding or Static Universe: Emergence of a New Paradigm

Cited by 5 publications

References 90 publications

How Fast Is the Distance between Earth and the Sun Changing in the Solar System?

How Fast Is the Distance between Earth and the Sun Changing in the Solar System?

Cosmological Model Tests with JWST

An Empirical Consistent Redshift Bias: A Possible Direct Observation of Zwicky’s TL Theory

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