“…In contrast, Kim et al (2011) show that the higher the downside risk, the more the corporate aggressive tax avoidance, in the sense that corporate tax planning is associated with economic expectations. Kim et al (2018) further argue that the lower the expectations about the economy in the future, the lower the expectations about future pretax cash flows. Furthermore, firms are financially constrained due to restrained lending when facing economic uncertainty (Bordo et al, 2016).…”